This research aimed to study the economical impacts of using different types of irrigation water to produce wheat crop, through economic analysis of crop production and its costs, in order to maximize the income of each unit of water. The sample of study was choosed from wheat farmers in El.Sharkia Governorate. The results indicated that the productivity of one feddan irrigated with fresh water and groundwater was 18.09 and 18.08 ardab/fed respectively. It was 17.72 and 17.11 ardab/fed. for land irrigated with mixed water and drainage water respectively. The feddan irrigated with fresh water consumed 2672 m3 compared with 2922, 2841 and 3263 m3 for groundwater, mixed water and drainage water respectively. The feddan of wheat irrigated with groundwater gave the high- est return of income changed costs that was 1.233 pounds. The farmers in the study sample used quantities of irrigation water greater than the amount that achieve efficiency in the case of irrigation with groundwater rate of 6.23%, while the farmers in the stud[1]y sample used quantities less than the amounts that achieve efficiency by 1.27%, 10.9%, 7.9% for wheat irrigated with fresh water, mixed water and drainage water, respectively. The research recommended using these different qualities of water in irrigation, but in the context of a set of parameters with not of focusing on the use of agricultural drainage water directly due to the Low productivity per feddan and the low average of water unit production and the share of water unit of the net return, certain attention should be paid to mixing drainage water with Nile water, and also to treating drainage water before mixing with fresh water of River Nile.

Poverty is great obstacle towards achieving sustainable development and economic growth, and threatens political and social stability and security. Poverty doesn’t mean only lack of necessities to fulfill individuals’ welfare, but deprivation from opportunities and choices. Though, previous governments-prior to 25th of January revolution embarked a program aiming poor people through an integrated bunch of developmental projects to improve poor people’s quality of life. This program consists of two main parts: first the main development program targeting 1000 poorest villages (according to the economic development ministry, 2008) and second part the integrated development program which targets 151 villages. In order to enhance the governmental initiative and improve the agriculture sector in Egypt, the current study aims at identifying the conditions of these poor communities via targeting two main and important categories which are agricultural laborers and farmers either tenants or renters of the agricultural lands from gender perspectives, besides identify- ing their problems and suggestions to overcome these problems and their relationship with the relevant agricultural institutions and private sector, and finally their suggested policies to enhance and attract investments to the agriculture sector in Egypt, which will eventually lead to application of more convenient measurements and policies to improve poor people’s livelihoods. The study’s results revealed the rooted poverty especially among agricultural laborers either male or female, but mostly among females, as most of them lack skills, and not gathered in one entity, besides low wages and seasonality of the agriculture work. Therefore most of them are willing to shift to other work opportunities. As for farmers, they suffer from many problems such as high agricultural input prices, soil deterioration, irrigation problems, and deteriorated drainage networks and finally lack of agriculture extension services. In light of the previous results, if no serious measurements and actions taken by the government and relevant stakeholders to improve the agriculture system as a whole, and improve laborers capabilities, solving irrigation and drainage problems, and accessing markets, then we will lose our capabilities to face the accelerating challenges and imbalance in our food security and moreover trapped in the vicious poverty cycle.

The study aims at estimating internal rate of return for the cultivation of date palms project in the new lands to encourage small investors and young graduates, to adopt projects of sustainable agricultural development under the assumption of change revenues and invested costs of the project. Also, explaining some productivity and economic indicators to produce dates in Egypt. The study showed that palm area, number of fruitful palms, palm productivity and the total production of dates annually increase at significant rates during the period of 1996 - 2010. The most important regions producing dates are Behera, Ismailia, 6 October, Aswan, New Valley, Matrouh and Noubaria zone. The most important cultivated varieties are Zaghloul, Samani, Meghal and Siwei. The study indicated that internal rate of return in the new lands as in Northern Sinai, Matrouh and the New Valley reached 28%. It was observed that decreasing total revenue up to 25% with increasing investment costs up to 25%, the internal rate of return is not less than 18%. So, cultivation of date palms is economically a profitable project. Thus, this project contributes to the horizontal agricultural expansion, reducing desertification, encourages some industries related to palm cultivation, creates new jobs, increases date export opportunities to overseas markets and increases agricultural income. Also, profits gained by young graduates are sufficient to pay annual premiums of received loans in addition to the interest of these loans, so that the left return is enough for their livelihood.

The study aimed mainly to explore the customary judgment in the study area from the viewpoint of respondents, identify their personal and social characteristics, and determine barriers faced the local judgment and their suggestions to overcome it. Data were collected from 33 proposed respondents distributed on seven tribes in North Sinai governorate, using questionnaire form during May 2010. Frequencies, percentages, and average were used for data display. Findings show that about one third of respondents are illiterate, 81.8% of them are located in the category of high leadership, and 72.7% of them are highly exposed. The most important criteria of the selection of customary judges are heredity, biography, and social status. The main sanctions imposed by local judges are fines (camels), oath, and compensation. The most important obstacles facing customary judgment are the highly expenses incurred by the judges in the transition to conflect place and communication, with weak financial potential of some judges, and relying on the judicial wisdom and sideburns only without reference to the experienced people, especially in the emerging issues on the Sinai community

Saudi Arabia is its unproductive for vegetable oils in terms of the Kingdom of import and re-export of imported some oils such as corn oil, sunflower oil and olive oil. The quantity and value of exports and imports of these oils are more than a year, however, excluded from that increase the amount of imports of corn oil, the higher the amount of exports of corn oil and olive and palm Also oil  sunflower during the study period, while decreased the amount of exports of sesame oil during the study period also increased the amount of Imports of corn oil, olive, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower increase of about 50.87%, 75.6%, 79.3%, 1141.3%, 50.9% and 611.2%, respectively, during the study period, the study shows the average monthly consumption of the average household Per capita consumption in the research sample was about 0.66, 0.39, 0.48, 1.25, 0.75 per month per liter of corn oil, olive, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower, respectively, and study the average household monthly spending shows that   average household spending in research sample amounted to about 35.2, 39.6, 11.0, 9.2, 30.8 riyals per month for each of corn and olive oil, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower. And study the impact of the level of high oil prices on consumption study sample turned out to be about 61.25% of the study sample affects the families of high oil prices on oil consumption. Estimate function per capita expenditure on oil through the sample research was estimated flexibility expenditure Oils for about 0.21, meaning that individual request oils increase by less than increasing per capita income, as an increase in income by about 10% lead to increased consumer spending on oil by about 2.1%, which means that spending on inelastic oils and oils from the goods necessary for the individual. Assessment of the factors affecting the consumption of oils through the sample research shows that the number of individuals is most influential as the change rate of one individual in the family leads to a change of $ 1.2 riyals in spending on oil while the change rate of one riyal in income leads to a change of $ 0.008 riyals in spending vegetable oils. Also all the different income groups both equally among them in terms of importance in influencing the variation consumption of vegetable oils.

The purpose of this study is to measure the job characteristics of agricultural extension centers' personnel in Assiut governorate using Hackman and Oldham’s Model, and to examine the model fit with the current study. The job diagnostic survey was used as the assessment tool to measure the components of the job characteristics model. Data were collected from all of the agricultural extension centers' personnel in Assiut governorate (84 personnel) by questionnaire. The job characteristics model’s overall fit with the data was evaluated using common model goodness of fit measures estimated by AMOS. The results showed that dealing with others and feedback received the highest ratings; autonomy and skill variety received the lowest ratings from the core job characteristics. The moderate feelings towards the core job dimensions yielded a low motivating potential score. Knowledge of results yielded the highest rating and experienced responsibility yielded the lowest rating from the psychological states. Internal work motivation received the highest rating and growth satisfaction received the lowest rating from the personal/work outcomes. Stimulating work environment yielded the highest rating and pay satisfaction yielded the lowest rating from the moderators of the model. The various indices of overall goodness of fit for the model lent sufficient support for the results to be an acceptable representation of the job characteristics model.

This study explored the opinions of central level extension employees about whether the Egyptian agricultural extension system needs to be reformed or not, and the alternatives they consider to be the best-fit options for extension in Egypt. The study covered 98 extension employees at the central level; findings show that all aspects of the Egyptian extension system are good candidates for reform and possible restructuring. These aspects could be ranked as financing, policy & organizational structure, staffing, and field operations as reported by 100%, 95%, 91%, and 68% of the respondents, respectively. Concerning the overall extension system, about 91% of the respondents reported that the Egyptian extension system is a good candidate for reform and possible restructuring. Findings also show that devolution, deconcentration, and delegation were the appropriate arrangements for extension decentralization as mentioned by 85%, 82%, and 55% of the respondents, respectively. Moreover, alternatives of providing and financing extension services were suggested and prioritized.

The research aims at studying the indicators of Adoption (Rate of Adoption and Degree of Adoption) of sprinkler irrigation technique of farmers growing wheat depend on underground water for irrigation (wells) and studying some of the economical and social factors and others which influence the decision of the wheat farmers in adopting sprinkler irrigation technique and knowing the obstacles which limit adoption of this technique. To fulfill aims of the research, the data were collected from a random sample, (335) farmers from the two zones, the first and second agricultural stability zones from the north region (two provinces of Aleppo & Idlep) by an interview questionnaire in the third and fourth quarters of 2010. The study relied on the following tests and measures: Correlation, binary logistic regression . Results of the research have shown that the farmers adoption rate of sprinkler irrigation technique was 47.8% and the adoption degree of this technique is 50.9%, and the adoption rate of this technique is expected to increase from 47.8% in 2007 to77 % in 2030 with an annual rate of nearly 1.27.   The results of studying the factors which influence the adoption of this technique using binary logistic regression revealed a negative significant relation between the dependent variable " adoption of modern irrigation techniques by wheat farmers" and all the independent variables (Percentage of farming labor force to total family labor force, the availability of labor force, the availability of water for irrigation). While, there has been revealed a positive significant relation between the dependant variable (sprinkler irrigation technique adoption by farmers) and all independent variables (crop area, family participation in agricultural decision making, attitude of the farmer towards the agricultural extension, the percentage of farmers with level of elementary certificate and above). The results also have shown that the factors which influence the decision of wheat farmers adoption of sprinkler irrigation technique varies between the first agricultural stability zone and the second one concerning the effect value and its signification. The results have shown that the great obstacles which limit the sprinkler irrigation adoption was increasing the technique cost of 38.1 % and the ignorance of the loans& facilities which are presented by the transfer project to the modern irrigation in a percentage of 14.2 %.

Among 20 bacterial isolates isolated from the soil of El-hawia, El-hada, El-kaym and Karwa in Taif governorate in Saudi Arabia,two isolates had high efficacy in producing cellulase enzyme. They belonged to genus Bacillus (Bacillus 8 and 17). Some factors such as carbon source and wheat bran as a raw material, nitrogen source, pH and. incubation temperature were investigated. Results indicated that CMC and cellulose were the most effective as they enhanced cellulases production .Sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride were the best nitrogen sources for cellulases production. Initial pH 7.0 was found to be optimal for growth and cellulase production. Incubation temperatures at 25 - 40°C achieved high cellulases production by the two isolates.

Detergents are an undetectable source of pollution, which hidden in most of our daily activities. Detergents could cause harmful effects before they are completely degraded. It is wise to reduce the amount of detergents that usually used by invention new bio-friendly formula contains efficient enzymes such as protease. Screening studies were carried out for one hundred and fifty bacterial isolates with respect to their ability to produce protease(s), after growing on slaughter house wastes (SHW) isolated from EI-Khorma governorate,Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) at 55°C, and pH 9. The most potent thermophilic bacterial isolate concerning of alkaline thermostable protease(s) production was identified as Bacillus licheniformis EGT50. Alkaline thermostable proteases productivity by the most potent bacterial isolate was affected by substrate concentrations (solid substrate), carbon source, nitrogen source, amino acid supplements, incubation temperature, incubation period, and inoculum size. Maximum both enzymes production by B. licheniformis EGT50 was obtained on SHW concentrations, 7.5 %; galactose; diammonium hydrogen phosphate; arginine at 55°C for 72 h. when inoculated by 0.5 ml. The protease production under all optimal conditions was increased many folds from 563.68 to 17825 U/ml (31 fold). The purification fold of B. licheniformis EGT50 alkaline thermostable protease increased to 394.7 after applying Sephadex G200 column chromatography techniques. The enzyme productivity of protease has been determined and the result proved the possibility to use the crude and purified enzymes in biodetergent technology.