The interest in medicinal plants is not only due to the fact that it is a source of food additives, but it is also a major source of medicines. Medical plants contain many important vital ingredients used in the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, medicinal plants are considered a safe source of medical drugs. Many medicinal plants have a significant economic importance to increase their demand. The plant families include many families, such as solanaceae family, which is one of the largest plant families with more than 3000 plant species And the plants of this family contains many important biological components and because of its importance, it was necessary to study and identify these plants by making fingerprinting, detect the molecular genetic markers for this family, study the genetic diversity of these species and determine the relationships between  species of this family by using genetic techniques such as the technique of  Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). The results obtained in the five solanaceae species (Lycium shwaii, Hyoscyamus muticus, Solanum nigrum from Northwestern coast, Solanum nigrun from Saint Katherine, and Nicotiana gluca) indicated that, 6 primers were applied. The HB15 primer which gave 12 bands, showed the highest polymorphism 58.33%, and the 49A primer, which gave 6 bands gave a lowest polymrphism 16.66% between the used plants populations, these results mean that ISSR technique is an powerful tool to make genetic diversity assessment for species.

Mill. on lime flower buds showed six annual population peaks of 13.3, 1.2, 1.8, 6.2, 2.8 and 3.4 in mid-May, mid-Oct., mid-Nov., mid-Dec., midFeb. and mid-Mar., respectively during 2015/2016 season. Five peaks of 13.5, 14.5, 1.8, 5.8 and 5.0 immature stages were observed on flowers in midApr., mid-June, mid-Oct., mid-Dec. and mid-Mar., respectively. On newly formed fruits, five peaks of 7.3, 0.4, 2.2, 1.8 and 2.4 immature stages were also recorded in the middle of June, Oct., Dec., Feb. and Mar., respectively. The general mean was the highest (11.3 immature stages) in June, while it was the lowest (0.0 immature stage) in Sep. The highest population density of P. citri was recorded in spring, followed by summer then winter and autumn. The seasonal mean was 4.1 immature stages in 2015/2016 season.   The same trend could be applied during 2016/2017 season. Six peaks of 12.8, 2.5, 4.0, 5.8, 3.3 and 4.6 immature stages were estimated on lime flower buds in mid-May, mid-Oct., mid-Nov., mid-Dec., mid-Feb. and mid-Mar., respectively. Mean numbers of P. citri immature stages on flowers also exhibited six peaks of 14.5, 2.8, 5.3, 7.2, 4.3 and 5.6 in mid-Apr., mid-Oct., mid-Nov., midDec., mid-Feb. and mid-Mar., respectively.  Six peaks of 5.8, 1.0, 1.8, 3.0, 1.5 and 2.4 immature stages were also found on newly formed fruits in the middle of May, Oct., Nov., Dec., Feb. and Mar., respectively. The highest general mean was 10.8 immature stages in May, while the lowest was 0.0  immature stage in Sep. The highest population density of P. citri occurred in spring, followed by summer then winter and autumn. The seasonal mean was 4.6 immature stages in the second season.

Chemical composition, minerals content, amino acids, fiber fractions, fatty acids profile, total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity were determined in wheat flour (WF) 72%, moringa leaves powder (MLP), defatted moringa seeds powder (DMSP) and moringa seeds (MS). Pasting profile and rheological properties of blends supplemented with MLP at levels of 3, 6, 9 and 12% or DMSP at levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20% were also studied. The highest moisture and carbohydrate contents were found in WF (12.60 and 85.05%), respectively. MLP had higher ash and fiber contents (8.87 and 7.91%), respectively, while, protein and fat contents were higher in DMSP and in MS. Mineral content (Ca, K, Mg, P, Na and Fe) in MLP was the highest, while DMSP was higher in Zn content than that of other samples. Fiber fractions of WF were lower than that of both MLP and DMSP. Total essential amino acids of DMSP was higher (19.25%) than that of MLP and WF (12.45 and 4.16%), respectively. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid (66.85%) in moringa seeds oil. MLP had the highest value of total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity (11.97, 8.02 and 15.87 mg/g), respectively. Color measurements showed that all of MLP, DMSP and WF blends decreased in L*, a*,however, they increased in b*, saturation, hue and ∆E values.    Supplementation with MLP and DMSP at all levels decreased the peak viscosity, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosities. While, it increased water absorption, dough development time, mixing tolerance index and dough weakening. On contrary, arrival time and dough stability were decreased. Also, MLP and DMSP decreased the extensibility, resistance to extension, maximum resistance to extension energy of dough and the proportional number.

The study aimed at maximizing the utilization of rice straw and the economic return of rice straw recycling, leading to an increase in the economic return of the farms, which in turn leads to increaseing the added value of the agricultural sector on the one hand, and preserving the environment on the other hand. Rice straw, due to the increase in plant waste year after year, and the decrease in environmental awareness among the majority of farmers. The study was conducted at the level of Sharkia governorate and through the geographical distribution of rice straw at the level of the Sharkia centers. About 10.3% of the average production of Sharkia Governorate during the study period. The study relied on the first two sources in the preliminary data obtained from the questionnaire form.    The second source was the published secondary data published by the research authorities in the process of recycling agricultural waste. Eightyfive percent of the study sample had an idea of recycling. The largest source of their knowledge is the role of the agricultural association and the agricultural supervisor, and the farmers' proposals for tobacco The number of straws on the eastern level was estimated at 49.7 thousand pounds. If they were recycled, they would achieve a material return of 24 million pounds, and the amount of hay at the level of the republic was estimated at 2.91 million tons. In addition, it was found that the center of Zagazig ranked first in terms of the amount of rice straw burned in the governorate (the most needy centers are aware of the pollution of the environment, which increases the risk that it is considered the highest place Population density in Sharkia governorate.

From an eco–economic perspective, the efficient use of nitrogen is becoming incrementally worthwhile in crop management. Therefore, growth, yield and seed yield response index of three sesame varieties (Shandwel–1, Giza–32 and Sohag–1) as affected by four N rates (0, 72, 108 and 144 kg N ha−1) were investigated during two seasons of 2013 and 2014. The study illustrated that Sohag–1 was the superior variety for achieving SPAD value and seed yield ha−1. Sesame plants can be fertilized with N at a rate of 108 kg ha−1 being recorded higher seed yield ha−1. Integration between proper variety as a genetic factor with the appropriate N rate applied as an environmental one, i.e. Sohag–1 x 108 kg N ha−1 (or Sohag–1 x 144 kg N ha−1) considered a marked practice for gaining high sesame seed yield as an economic product. Being Sohag–1 exhibited less reduction in yield under low N rate and highly response with high N applied it belongs to ER group.

In this work, sodium bentonite (Bn) was used for removal of alizarin red S (ARS) from aqueous solution using batch technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize sodium bentonite. Different parameters that would affect ARS dye removal such as initial pH, contact time, initial ARS dye concentration, bentonite dose, and temperature were explored. The realized data from kinetic studies demonstrated the high fitness of pseudosecond-order kinetic model for better interpretation of the experimental data. The adsorption isotherms studies showed that Freundlich isotherm had a high correlation coefficient among the studied isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies proposed that ARS adsorption onto Bn was spontaneous in nature at the lower temperatures and exothermic.

Examination was done at preliminary bracketing bioassay on one old 4th nymphal instar of desert locust. Results showed that two isolates, namely NDL1 and NDL2 were having highly potentiality as entomopathogenic bioagents. Thirty isolates were isolated from dead/ infected nymphs of desert locust occurred in raring cages at Department of Locust and Grasshoppers Research, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Molecular identification of isolated bacteria was done using universal primers of 16s rRNA, followed by DNA sequencing. Nucleotides were blasted at (https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov /genbank/) to recognize that NDL1 and NDL2 isolates were two different isolates of Bacillus cereus with a high similarity (100%).  Susceptibility of 4th nymphal instar of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) to the isolated B. cereus was determined using two bioassay procedures, Leaf-dip and per os. The insecticidal activity of both isolates against locust nymph in leaf dipping showed that NDL2 was more efficient than NDL1. However, the opposite trend was observed in using per os.  Both Isolates have the potential to be a successful biocidal agent to control desert locust.

Angular leaf spot, caused by P. syringae, is one of the most important bacterial disease of watermelon. For disease management, growers rely on copper bactericides, which are effective after the first two weeks of transplanting, while they couldn’t be applied before that due to the high phytotoxicity they may cause to the plant. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three new copper composites, core-shell copper (CS-Cu), multivalent copper (MV-Cu), and fixed quaternary ammonium copper (FQ-Cu), as potential treatments to control the disease before the emergence of the first true leaf where copper is not available, and to identify the possibility of applying the newly designed copper composites during that period to significantly reduce secondary dispersal of disease inoculum. In vitro, 50 μg/ml of metallic copper from MV-Cu and FQ-Cu significantly reduced the P. syringae populations after 2hrs of exposure compared to the untreated control (P= 0.05) and were more effective than using the Kocide® 3000. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that MV-Cu and FQ-Cu significantly reduced the disease incidence compared to both Mankozeb+ Kocide® 3000 and untreated control when using the seed inoculation method. In contrast, none of the nano-composites significantly reduced disease incidence when using the spray inoculation method. MV-Cu and FQ-Cu managed to significantly reduce seedling to seedling disease transmission under greenhouse conditions (P = 0.05). This study highlights that copper composites have the potential to manage P. syringae in the first two weeks of transplanting and reducing the contamination rate from infected to healthy transplants

This investigation was carried out to study the effect of calcium chloride and storage period on fruit quality of Golden delicious apple cv. Collected at mature stage from private farm at Elbeida region. The fruits were stored at refrigerators of Horticultural Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Omar Al-Mukhtar University. Through the growing season of 2014/2015. The University, through 0.5 and 1% treatments contained three CaCl2 concentrations vis. 0, at five storage periods (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) weeks. Obtained results revealed that using CaCl2 at both concentrations improved most fruit quality parameters throughout storage periods.

The present Avian Influenza epidemic in Egypt is consider one of the major problems facing the poultry field and caused by circulation of genetically and antigenetically diverse influenza H5N1 viruses. This problem is controlled by applying vaccination. The objective was to determine the AI H5 recombinant vaccines efficacy (rHVT-H5, rFP-AI-H5 (Scotland and Ireland), k rND-AI and k rBuc-AI+ND) against classical and variant field HPAI H5N1 viruses in comparison to the traditionally inactivated whole AI virus vaccines as K R H5N1 / Egy, k H5N2 and k combined AI+ND vaccines. A single dose of the different types of vaccines either recombinant or inactivated whole virus vaccines was administered at different ages of chicken. Eight chicken groups were vaccinated with 8 vaccines and challenged after 4 weeks post vaccination to measure the protection %. Fecal and tracheal swabs were taken after 2 day post challenge to detect viral shedding. It was found that, live rFP-AI-H5 of both Scotland and Ireland strains induced poor clinical protection with high level of virus shedding. While, inactivated rND-AI, live rHVT-H5 and inactivated rBuc-AI+ND vaccines induced high protection rates ranged from 86.7% to 93.3% against both classical and variant HPAI viruses with a decrease or suppression of viruses shedding. In a parallel way, the inactivated whole virus AI vaccines either K R H5N1 / Egy, k H5N2 or k AI+ND induced a protection rates ranged from 85.7% to 100% with a high decrease in virus shedding levels. The data clearly indicate that inactivated whole AI virus and inactivated recombinant vaccines confers high levels of clinical protection with suppression in viral shedding compared to that of live recombinant vaccines except rHVT-H5 vaccine which induce a great level of protection and decrease in viral shedding in SPF chicken.