Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons of 2007 and 2008 at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Agricultural Research Center, at EL-Serw, Damietta Gover-norate Egypt, to study the effect of the bio horm and weed control treatments (Bentazon, Py-razosoulfuron, Fenoxaprop, Penoxsulam, Bentazon + Fenoxaprop, Bentazon + Penoxsulam, Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop, Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam, twice hand weeding and un- weeded check ) on growth, yield, its components and NPK percentage in grains of direct seeded rice as well as associated weeds in salinity soil. Results illustrated that appli-cation of bio horm increased fresh and dry weight of total weeds. Spraying bio horm after 50 days from sowing (DFS) markedly increased rice growth characters (plant height, number of productive till-ers, fresh and dry weight of rice plants), yield and yield components (panicle length, number of pani-cles/m2, weight of 1000 grain, grain and straw yield) and N, P and K% of grain rice, as compared with untreated treatment. All weed control treat-ments caused significant reduction on number, fresh and dry weight of total weeds/m2 after 60 DFS in both seasons. Pyrazosoulfuron treatment gave the highest decrease in total number of weeds followed by Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam and Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop treatments. Pyrazosoulfuron + Fenoxaprop treatment gave the highest decrease in total fresh weight of weeds followed by Bentazon + Penoxsulam, Pyrazosoul-furon and Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam, respec-tively in the first season. While, in the second sea-son Pyrazosoulfuron treatment gave the lowest values of total fresh weight of weeds. Meanwhile, Bentazon + Penoxsulam was more effective than other treatments in reducing the dry weight of total weeds in both seasons. All herbicidal treatments and hand weeding increased significantly growth, yield, yield components and chemical composition of grain rice. Bentazon + Penoxsulam was superior treatment for increasing number of productive tillers, number of panicles / m2, 1000- grain weight and grain and straw yield as well as NPK percent-age of rice grains in both seasons. While, the same treatment Bentazon + Penoxsulam recorded the highest values of plant height, fresh and dry weight of whole plant and panical length in the first season. While, Pyrazosoulfuron + Penoxsulam gave the highest increment in plant height, fresh and dry weight of whole plant and straw yield in the second season. The interaction between bio horm and weed management treatments had significant effect on total fresh and dry weight of weeds, num-ber of productive tillers and 1000 grain weight. Pyrazosoulfuron produced the maximum values of number of productive tillers when bio horm was used in the second season, while, application of Bentazon + Penoxsulam gave the highest values of 1000 grain weight when bio horm was used in the second season. It could be concluded that using the bioregulator (bio horm) resulted in incre-ment of growth and productivity of rice crop under salinity soils. Using the combinations of herbicides caused more reduction of weeds and increased rice grain yield.

Experiments were carried out on honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) during the winter of 2008 and spring of 2009 using colonies wintered with five levels of varroa infestation (0.0, 3.8, 9.0, 13.1 and 22.9%) in the Central Region of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The goal of the present work is to determine varroa treatment thresholds and colony collapse level. Response variables examined included varroa mite infestation level (%), cm2 of brood number of frames of brood, number of frames covered with adult honey bees and mites recovered on sticky boards. The data obtained reveled that no significant differences were noticed in cm2 of brood, number of frames of brood, and number of frames of bees in colonies (range of 0.0 to 9.0% varroa infestation or 0.0 – 0.9 mites/bee). Colonies with 13.1% infestation (0.13 mites/bee) exhibited a significant reduction in all measures of performance. The present results suggested that honey bee colonies can tolerate a level of 9.0% varroa infestation (0.9 mites/bee) during the winter without evidence of colony injury. It also suggested that 13.1% infestation (0.13 mites/bee) is the colony collapse or economic injury threshold in the Central Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also colonies with 12.3 or more mites falling on sticky boards after 48-hour period were likely to have lower populations of bees and brood the following spring.

Two successive field experiments were carried out during two seasons (2006 and 2007) at three Agricultural Experimental stations of Desert Research Center (DRC) in three locations: El-Maghara, El-Wadi El-Gedeed and Maryout to evaluate variation, mean performance and stability parameters of four diverse sesame cultivars. Also, study the oil content, physical and chemical properties, fatty acids composition of oil and proteins patterns in seeds of the tested cultivars (Shandaweel 3, Toushki 1, Giza 32 and Taka 3). The results obtained could be summarized in the following categories:- Wide range of variability between locations and high genotypic differences were detected. The genotype x environment interaction was significant and a major portion of this was accounted by the deviation among source of variations. Hence, the genotypes tested had a wide diversity and ranked differently among locations and seasons. The average plant height, number of branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, 1000-seed weight, grain yield/plant, grain yield/feddan and oil yield/feddan were recorded under El-Wadi El-Gedeed, El-Maghara and Maryout locations. Toushki 1 recorded the highest values across different locations for Number of capsules/plant (46.21), number of seeds/plant (47.27), seed yield/plant (14.76 g.), seed yield/feddan (333.84 kg.) and oil yield/feddan (168.56 kg.). El-Wadi El-Gedeed location is considered the best location for most studied traits except for number of branches/ plant. On the other hand, Maryout location (calcareous 34% CaCo3) recorded the lowest values for all traits under study; such findings may be due to the differences between soil and irrigation water types. Stability parameters were fitting together in determining the stable genotypes Toushki1, Shandaweel 3, Giza32 and Taka3 overall tested environments. Genotypes varied in their calculated bi values as well as S2di . Toushki 1 is the most stable genotype across different environments and for all traits under study except for number of capsules/plant. However, genotypes produced higher yield such as Toushki 1 and Shandaweel 3 showed below average stability and were well adapted for El-Wadi El-Gedeed conditions.   Oil content was increased while protein content was decreased significantly in seeds of Shandaweel3 and Toushki1 under El-Wadi El-Gedeed location. However, acid value was decreased for all cultivars except Taka 3 under El-Wadi El-Gedeed location at zero and 6 months of storage. On the other hand, the oil of all sesame cultivars which grown under El-Wadi El-Gedeed location had a higher iodine value than oil of the same cultivars under El-Maghara location. In

Larva of cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis ate and digested an average of 13.79 and 10.82g, respectively of untreated castor bean leaves during its whole sixth instar. These amounts significantly reduced when larvae were fed on leaves treated with different concentrations of neem seed kernel methanolic extract. The reduction was concentration dependent, i.e., an increase in neem extract concentration caused an obvious decrease in the amount of ingested or digested leaves. The consumption and digestion indices are always negative indicating that treated castor bean leaves are not preferred by S. littoralis larvae for feeding. These indices decreased as the concentrations of neem extract increased. Approximate digestibility in S. littoralis sixth instar larvae averaged 78.50%. This percentage insignificantly fluctuated between 77.71 and 81.08% when larvae were fed on castor bean leaves treated with different concentrations of neem extract. Efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food to body substances (ECI and ECD) are an overall indicators for ability of S. littoralis larvae to utilize ingested and digested food for growth and food storage in the insect. Such values depend upon the food digestibility, its nutritional values and the ingestion rates. ECI and ECD in larvae fed on untreated leavesreached 22.25 and 28.25%, respectively. These values decreased after feeding the larvae on treated leaves. The decrease was gradually occurred as the concentration of neem extract increased to reach the minimum value at the highest concentration (0.025%).

In greenhouse and field experiments, conducted in two successive winter seasons 2007/2009 the effect of phosphorus fertilizer treatments on incidence of wilt disease  of lupine, chickpea and lentil, as well as yield and yield component  was studied. Application of Phosphorus fertilizer (100 and 200 kg/fed; as super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) before planting) caused a reduction in incidence and severity of wilt diseases on plants of the three legume crops either in greenhouse and field experiments. In field experiments, results indicated that the most effective treatment was phosphorus at 100 and 200 kg / fed) respectively, which reduced the wilt diseases. Phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased yield characters i.e., plant height, number of branches, number of pods, seeds yield / plant and weight of 100 seeds.

A laboratory study was performed to evaluate the role of Molass using four levels (C=0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg-1) on the water transport function [namely, penetrability (l), sorptivity (S) and infiltration rate (i)] during transient flow in horizontal infiltration in Sandy loam soil incubated with Molass at 25 ± 2°C and 80% relative moisture content at 33 Kpa. For 60 days. Boltzmann transformation  was used to esitmate penetrability by fitting the wet front distance X vs. square root of time (t). Equation of Philip (1957)  was used to estimate sorptivity (S) by fitting cumulative   depth of water observed (I) vs. . Infiltration rate (i) was calculated using equation. The contact angle (a), soil surface free energy  were measured and calculated for all soil treatments. We also studied the effect of Molass on aggregate stability from the values of Mean Wight Diameter (MWD) and Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD). Results showed significant response and decrease in all study water transport functions [(l), (S) and (i)] with distance 30 cm of wetting front advance in end time with increasing the  levels of Molass from 0.0 to 40 g kg-1. Value of contact angle increased from 49.54 to 76.17, while the value of soil surface free energy decreased from 135.9 to 76.8 (m N m-1). The addition of Molass played very important role in aggregate stability according to the value of MWD and GMD

In the present study a suitable methodology is developed for estimating crop area by integrating remote sensing and GIS based on land survey approach. Area frame surveys are common approaches to gather land cover data. In contrast to mapping approaches, area frame sampling is a statistical method. Based on the visual observation of sample geo-referenced points, area estimates are computed and used as a valid generalization without studying the entire area under investigation. The approach has also the important advantage of not involving/disturbing the land owners and the farmers. The survey concerning the estimation of yield for the major crop will be carried out by cutting small samples in the field. The sample covers the whole Nile valley and the delta, the observed area is about 35000 km² and the distance from South to North is about 1000 km. Digital topographic maps 1:5000 and SPOT5 satellite Images was used, 2,5m resolution, Ortho-rectified (DTM). The survey used the WGS84, Universal Transverse Mercator 36 N, which parameter are given hereafter. Three thousands sites were visited during the winter crop survey, the sample could be constituted of a sub-set of these sites and one point will be designed in each of the selected sites. If this point is wheat, it will be included in the yield sample and visited at harvest time. The sub sample is defined as points of observation, 250m x 250m apart; there are 10 points of observation, which are called points. They are located in two lines East-West of 5 points. There suits of winter survey of Nile Delta and Nile valley is about 12591563 Feddan. The main results of the field survey were that the total cultivation area is almost 76609500 Feddan. The cultivation area is covered about 61% of the total Nile Delta and Nile valley. Field crop is the major area in the Nile valley and Nile Delta, its cover about 48% of the total area of the NileValley and Nile Delta. Furthermore, the field crops cover about 79% of the total cultivation area.

Gum Arabic (GA), a natural plant extract, is frequently used for the preparation and stabilization of flavor emulsions that is commonly used in soft drink and flavored beverage industry. This study aimed to reduce the amount of GA in some flavor model emulsions for cost effectiveness and studying the effect of that on the stability of these emulsions against gravitational separation during storage. Five flavor model emulsions were formulated using pure citral and cinnamic aldehyde and their mixtures at different weight ratios. Results indicated that a flavor/gum ratio 1:1 or 1:0.5 was not able to stabilize the particle size of all emulsions which is manifested by increase in size by many folds during storage. Similarly, four of the flavor model emulsions showed instability behavior (creaming or sedimentation) toward gravitational separation at the same flavor/gum ratios. However, only one flavor model emulsion out of the five models showed a high stability against gravitational separation at flavor/gum ratio 1:1 or even 1:0.5. That emulsion model was characterized by having a density matching (similarity) between its dispersed flavor phase and its continuous water phase. This indicates the possibility of formulating some flavor emulsions with reduced amounts of gum Arabic only by matching the density between the flavor phase and the continuous phase of the emulsion.

A computer program based on windows application was developed using a Micro soft visual dot net software to determine the water requirements for vegetable crops in arid land. Through three simple steps, the user can easily calculate the water requirements for more than 35 vegetables. The first step is to locate the area of growing crops and compute the reference Evapotranspiration (ETref) using the Penman Monteith mathematical model. The second step is select the crop factor values and growing period lengths. Accordingly, the crop ET is calculated. The third step is to compute the total irrigation water requirements for the selected vegetable crop. It is intended in the paper to show all mathematical background used in the calculations. In addition, snap shot screens will be used to illustrate the use of the developed computer program.

In view of balady bread in Egypt is considered as backbone in diets, accordingly, in this study wheat flour (82%) extraction treated by microwave at 2,4 and 6 minutes, that target to modify starch wheat flour by heating. The rheological properties were studied by using farinograph and extensograph apparatus. Falling number and amylose percent were determined. Balady bread samples were sensory evaluated and staling rate was evaluated. The wheat flour, crust and crumb layers of balady bread were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of farinograph indicated that, water absorption arrival time, dough development time and dough stability increased while dough weakening decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with wheat flour untreated (control). The results of extensograph revealed that, dough extensibility, resistance to extension and dough energy increased while proportional number decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with control. Falling number decreased while amylose percent increased when microwave treatment increased from 2 to 6 minutes. Sensory evaluation showed slight decrease in values of both color crust and color crumb while, values of both taste and flavor slightly increased but not significantly different, meanwhile, values of crumb distribution significantly increased in balady bread samples prepared from wheat flour treated by microwave compared with balady bread prepared from untreated wheat flour (control). Wheat flour treated by microwave led to delay staling of balady bread and imilorated freshness of balady bread. The examination by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that average size of starch granules increased from 26.10 mm in untreated wheat flour (control) to 29.37 mm in treated wheat flour by microwave at 6 minutes.