Nanoparticles (NPs), especially from micronutrients, are recently motivated for replacing their common mineral counterparts. To evaluate their comparative efficacy, this investigation was conducted to estimate the impact of foliar application of zinc through different sources on productivity, fruit quality and improve marketable fruit of “Wonderful” pomegranate trees. The field experiment was performed during two seasons (2017 and 2018) on seven - year old pomegranate trees “Wonderful” cv., cultivated in a private “Hegazi” farm located at 57 km. from Cairo on the road to Alex., Egypt. Four sources of zinc named “Zinc Sulphate, Zinc mannitol complex, Bio-Nano zinc (Bio Zn NPs) and Zinc Oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) with four rates from each other were sprayed twice (the first before one week from full bloom and the second after a month from the first). So the experiment included seventeen treatments in a sample study spread in a randomized complete block design by five replicates. Results explicated that the greatest significant values of fruit set% were recorded by Bio Nano Zinc (Bio Zn NPs) treatments especially (400 ppm Bio-Nano Zinc (Bio Zn NPs)). Spraying with (3000, 4000 ppm Zn mannitol complex) and (300, 400 ppm Bio-Nano Zinc (Bio Zn NPs)) showed significantly the greatest values of productivity, improves marketable fruits and fruit quality of “Wonderful” pomegranate trees. So it could be recommended by spraying “Wonderful” pomegranate trees by 3000 ppm Zinc mannitol complex or 300 ppm Bio-Nano zinc (Bio Zn NPs). Another important point is that the application of Bio Zn NPs fertilizer at around 10% from the commercial dose of zinc sulphate resulted in the same results without any change in the productivity, further researches are needed to study a further low level of Zinc Oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) below (100 ppm Zinc Oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs)) which may be improving yield and fruit quality

Two field experiments were conducted to assess chicken manure (Ch.M.) and its tea on quantity and quality yield of Molokhia (Jew’s mellow) plant during two summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 in Fac. of Agric. -El-Shatby- Alexandria University. This investigate aimed to compare between chicken manure (Ch.M.R 100% and R50%) , chicken manure tea (R100% and R50%) and the mixture of them (R50% of Ch.M. + R50% of its tea) under four levels (NPK0 % , NPK30%, NPK60% and NPK100%) of chemical fertilizers. Every experiment was carried out with 13 treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (total plot area= 2&1=2m2). The results indicated that, chicken manure tea 100% + 30% NPK(T6) gave the highest mean values of vegetative growth i.e. plant height (92.0cm), number of leaves/plant (29.5), leaf length (13.87 cm), increases in vitamin C. (110.77 mg/g F.W.) and dry weight of leaves (10.25 g) as an average of both seasons. While the mixture of “chicken manure 50% and chicken manure tea 50 %” + 30 % NPK (T10) lead to significant increases in fresh leave weight (49.84 g/plant) and total yield of fresh leaves (4.7 kg/ plot) as an average of both seasons. Highest increases in P uptake (1.37mg/g) and K uptake (20.27 mg/g) either chicken manure 100% (T1) or the mixture of “chicken manure 50% and chicken manure tea 50 %” T9, respectively. The maximum N uptake (2.79 mg/g), total chlorophyll in leaves (47.44 SPAD) and leave width (6.82 cm) as an average of both seasons by the mixture of “chicken manure 50 % and chicken manure tea 50 %” + 100 % NPK (T12) compared with the control once. Organic plants “safe food” produced with organic fertilizers and their teas really supply more nutrients and vitamins “chemical free” and health protective so used sustainably in food and environmental friendly.

Two hundred and ten unsexed broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) at 7 day of age were used to study the effect of dietary supplementation of different Copper (Cu) forms i.e. inorganic (copper sulfate, CuSO4), organic (copper methionine Cu2-Met) or nano inorganic copper particles (Cu-NP) on the productive performance, hematological and biochemical constituents of blood and immune response of broiler chicks. They were randomly divided into seven dietary treatments with five replicate cages per treatment, six chicks for each. The first group was fed the basal diet without any supplementation (control); while the 2nd and 3rd groups were fed the same diet supplemented with 50 and 100 ppm of inorganic Cu (copper sulfate, CuSO4), respectively. The 4th and 5th groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 ppm of organic Cu (copper methionine Cu2-Met), respectively. The 6th and 7th groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 ppb of nano inorganic copper (Cu-NP), respectively. Results showed that chicks fed the basal diet supplemented with different forms of Cu had significantly better LBW, BWG, FCR, economic efficiency and production index. Both organic and nano Cu-fed groups showed significantly better productive performance traits compared with the inorganic Cu – fed groups. Supplementation of different Cu forms decreased serum levels of total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas RBCs count, hemoglobin, PCV, glucose, globulin, thyroid hormones (T3-T4), immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG), and antioxidant enzymes activity (TAC– GPX- GSH-SOD) were significantly increased compared with the control treatment. Additionally, Cu supplementation increased lactobacillus sp. while decreased total bacterial count (Salmonella, E. coli and Proteus) compared with the control group. In conclusion, Cu supplementation improved the growth performance, immune response and physiological status of broiler chickens. Broilers fed organic and nano Cu-supplemented diets had better growth performance and immune response than those fed inorganic copper.

Artificial intelligent provides diverse solutions for the complex problems in agriculture research. The study aimed to use three models of artificial neural networks (Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and Radial-Basis Neural Network (RBNN)) in the field of wheat yield prediction. 27-year data for the period (1986-2012) were utilized to improve the models and four-year data (2013 and 2016) were used to estimate the models, to compare their outputs with the measured data. Prediction data was not entered in the process of building neural network models. The results showed that the optimal configuration of the FFNN model consists of 40 neurons in the hidden layer (8-40-1). The Tan Sigmoid activation function was used in both the hidden layer and the output layer using all of these models (anterior neural feeding network and the regression neural network and radial base neural network) in the 4-year wheat yield forecast field for production (2013-2016) by applying 8 input parameters that were result of NMMS (8.6%, 7.6% and 15.7% resp.), To find that FFNN and GRNN provide the best result from BRNN because while the information set was large or in a wide range, then the range data ranges from -1 to +1 (normalization data) , GRNN gives better outcomes after the information or sample data were in large range.

Excised explants were in-vitro cultured on multiplication medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS). This study was carried away inside the tissue culture lab. Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center. Giza, Egypt through the period from 2015 to 2017, to research some factors affecting in-vitro propagation of the indoor ornamental plant Alocasia amazonica using benzyladenine amino purine (BAP) and Kinetin at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ppm and their interaction. The obtained results indicated that BAP gave the greatest number of shoots, plus the lowest values for shoot length, shoot fresh weight, number regarding roots and total chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, kinetin achieved the highest values for shoot length, shoot fresh weight although it was not necessarily significant. The same was observed in number of leaves, number of roots and total chlorophyll content with no significant difference. MS medium free of hormones demonstrated the greatest number of leaves, number of roots and total chlorophyll content, and the lowest values of number of shoots and shoot length. Using cytokinn at 1 ppm gave the highest shoot length and number of leaves; and the second position for number of shoot and roots. As for 2 ppm of cytokinin application, it gave the greatest values of shoot length, number of leaves and shoot fresh weight, despite the last one was not significant. this concentration got also the other position for number of shoots, 3 ppm had the greatest number of shoots, and the lowest shoot length, number of roots and shoot fresh weight and 4 ppm occupied the second grade concerning number of shoots, and the lowest grades for shoot length, shoot fresh weight, number of leaves, number of roots and total chlorophyll. Regarding the interaction between cytokinin type and concentration found that, the control treatment (Free MS) gave the highest number of leaves. Using BAP at 2 or 3 ppm attained the highest number of shoots. Using Kin at 1 or 2 ppm attained the highest shoots length. Also, Using Kin at 2 ppm attained the highest fresh weight. The application of Kin at 1 ppm was connected with the highest value of number of leaves. The development of roots showed great values on free medium of BAP and Kin as well as medium supplemented with Kin at 1 and 2 ppm. Whereas, root did not demonstrate any presence at higher concentrations of BAP of 2, 3 and 4 ppm. It is usually recommended to use the MS medium supplemented with BAP at 3 ppm which often gave the highest number of shoots. However, the highest values for shoot length, shoot fresh weight and number of roots were recorded on particularly on MS medium supplemented with Kin at 2 ppm.

Sherbet and Sorbet mixes were prepared to contain 9% fresh mango pulp, per se, 1% cooked pumpkin (CP). The water quantity required for both was replaced with ultrafiltrated milk permeate (UFMP) at the level of 25, 50 or 75%. The obtained results indicated that, separately, CP composed of higher moisture and total nitrogen, total phenolics (TP) as well as radical scavenging activity (RSA) values and lower total flavonoids (TF), carbohydrates contents than mango pulp. In both, Sherbet and Sorbet mixes, water substitution with UFMP was associated with increase in total solids, total and reducing sugars as well as ash contents. Neither acidity %, nor pH values were significantly affected by the partial substitution of water with UFMP in Sherbet mix, although the acidity % of Sorbet mix was significantly increased by UFMP addition. Freezing point of Sherbet or Sorbet mixes was gradually minimized by increasing the substitution level, although the flow behavior index was not influenced in Sherbet but increased in Sorbet mixes. The proportional increment of UFMP level in mix was associated with gradually considerable increase in its consistency coefficient, apparent as well as dynamic viscosities, TP and RSA values of both Sorbet and Sherbet mixes. UFMP led to increase in the specific gravity of mixes before and after freezing as well as elevated the overrun and strengthened the melting resistance of the final product. Furthermore, the frozen dessert of 75% UFMP, whether being Sherbet or Sorbet gained the highest panelists scores for all sensory attributes. It could be concluded that, it could successfully produce a product that meets the intended health purposes based on the substitution of 10% of mango pulp with pumpkin solids of many impressive health benefits as well as the utilization of ultrafiltration milk permeate as a source of the essential electrolytes instead of 75% of required water en route to innovate frozen desserts such as Sherbet and Sorbet

This study aimed to measure the effect of treated wastewater on the performance of pressure irrigation network components and compare it with domestic water. The experiments were conducted in Eastown and Lake View sites in the Fifth Settlement - New Cairo, at N = 30° 01' 14.4", E = 31° 51' 60.9" and N = 30° 02' 22", E = 31° 44' 31.3", respectively, and the experiments were done in (2019). The area under investigation was 155 m², divided into three plots (5×5 m) for spray irrigation, there areas were planted with turf grass (passpalm 10), and three plots (5×2 m) for drip irrigation, there areas were planted with shrubs (Lantana camara nana) and trees (Calistemon viminalis). By irrigation with two types of water: treated wastewater and domestic water with the use of two types of filters in the Lake View site (a screen filter and a sandy filter) and the use of one type of filters in the Eastown site, which is screen filter. The washing process was carried out manually and automatically. The results showed significant effects on the components of the network and on the general appearance of the vitality and shape of the cultivated surfaces. The most important results obtained were: • Emission uniformity for drip system in Lake View site, was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (5 and 6%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, than manual operation, while, in Eastown site emission uniformity was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (2.3 and 4.9 %) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, than manual operation. • Distribution uniformity for spray system was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (5 and 5.1%) in Lake View site and Eastown site, respectively, than manual operation. • Clogging ratio in Lake View site by using manual operation with treated wastewater was (40 and 48%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively. Clogging ratio using automatic operation was (20 and 25%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, while, in Eastown site by using manual operation with treated wastewater was (34.5 and 44.7%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, and by using automatic operation was (18.75 and 22%) for online dripper and built-in dripper, respectively. It was higher with manual operation than automatic operation and higher with treated wastewater than domestic water. • The concentration of total suspended solids was less by (93.6 and 97.9%) with manual and automatic operations, respectively in Lake View site, while, it was less by (50 and 60%) with manual and automatic operations, respectively, in Eastown site. • The turf quality index (color, density, ground cover) gave the highest degree when using treated wastewater with automatic operation, which is due to the nutrients in treated wastewater. • It is preferable to use sand filters before the mesh filters with treated wastewater to reduce the percentage of clogging with impurities instead of using only mesh filters.

Achieving the maximum productive economic efficiency to use the available resources is considered one of the most important objectives of the agricultural economic policy, and since the agricultural area is limited, therefore the decision to choose the appropriate crop for agriculture is subject to many considerations, perhaps the most important of which is the expected revenue of these crops, as it reflects many important factors that affect decisions farming at farms, such as prices and expected production of agricultural crops. The research problem is represented in the following question: How competitive and affect the cultivated area different crops, and do changes occur from one period to another? The research aims to compare the Competitive of the most important winter crops on agricultural land during the two periods (2014-2015), (2017-2018). The most important results were as follows: It was found that there are other factors that determine the cultivated area other than the farm prices for some crops, namely wheat, barley, onions, flax, and potatoes during the period (2014- 2015), barley, lentils, and lupine during the period (2017-2018). Low price elasticity and response was shown for chickpeas, lupine, fenugreek, tomatoes during the period (2014-2015), wheat, beans, sugar beets, persistent clover, onions, garlic, flax, tomatoes, and potatoes during the period (2017-2018). It was found that there were crops that responded more in the period (2017-2018) than the period (2014-2015), which were wheat, chickpeas, fenugreek, onions, flax, tomato and potatoes. It turns out that both chickpeas and lupine were exposed to competition from the rest of the crops during the two periods, and that wheat, broad bean, sugar beet, and flax did not compete for them in the second period, and on the other hand, clover, onions, and garlic continued to compete with other crops. Decreased Competition in the period (2017-2018) was shown in general compared to the period (2014- 2015). It was found that wheat and garlic were the most Interchangeability competitive, and tomatoes, broad bean, lentils and sugar beets were the most competitive crops of other crops, that lupine, fenugreek, and onions were the most competitive with other crops for the period (2014-2015). It was found that broad bean, clover, and clover Tahreesh were the most Interchangeability competitive, and barley, lentils, and potatoes were the most competitive crops of other crops, that flax, wheat, lupine, and tomato were the most competitive with other crops for the period (2017-2018). It shows the dynamics and instability of the agricultural map (with some being affected less) despite the convergence of periods. The research recommends, in order achieving maximum economic efficiency and production for the use of available resources, following: The agricultural policies applicable must be consistent with the changes that occur in the competitive of crops. Considerate the dynamics and instability of the agricultural map when setting agricultural policies. Factors other than prices must be used when determining the cultivated area of some crops, as a result of their lack of effect on some crops and their weak effect on others. Providing appropriate means (not necessarily financial support - Extension services, for example) to improve competition for some strategic crops.

أصبحت مشکلة البطالة وانخفاض الدخول الحقیقیة من أهم المشاکل الملحة فی الإقتصاد المصری والتی یتعین مواجهتها لما لها من آثار سلبیة علی الإقتصاد والأمان الإجتماعی، إضافة إلی کونها أحد مظاهر أهدار الموارد المتمثلة فی القوی البشریة العاطلة الباحثة عن العمل وعدم توظیفها بما یساهم فی تحقیق نمو أکبر، وعلیه استهدف هذا البحث تحدید دور بعض المشاریع الغذائیة الصغیرة فی زیادة الدخل وتوفیر فرص العمل بمحافظة الفیوم وذلک من خلال عدة أهداف فرعیة وهی دراسة تطور المشاریع الصغیرة الممولة بمحافظة الفیوم، والتعرف علی قدرة بعض المشاریع الغذائیة الصغیرة محل الدراسة فی الحد من مشکلة البطالة وقیاس مستوى دخول العاملین. وقیاس العائد لتلک المشاریع. بالاضافة إلى التقدیر القیاسی لدوال الإنتاج والتکالیف لتحدید مدى کفاءة تلک المشاریع فی تحقیق التنمیة الإقتصادیة بمحافظة الفیوم. والتعرف علی أهم المشکلات والمعوقات التی تواجه تلک المشاریع محل الدراسة ومحاولة إیجاد الحلول والأسالیب اللازمة لحلها. وقد توصل البحث إلى عدة نتائج أهمها:- أن إجمالی عدد المشاریع الممولة وعدد المستفیدین من الذکور وإجمالی القروض بمحافظة الفیوم تتسم بعدم الاستقرار النسبی فی حین یتسم عدد المستفیدین من الإناث وتکلفة فرصة العمل بالاستقرار النسبی نظرا لانخفاض معامل الاختلاف النسبی والبالغ 48.84% ، 24.78% على التوالی. - بلغت قیمة المرونة الإنتاجیة الإجمالیة لمشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء ومنشآت التخلیل نحو 1.28 ، 1.18 على التوالی ویعنی ذلک أن زیادة الموارد الإجمالیة بالدالة المقدرة بنسبة 10% تؤدی إلى زیادة فی إنتاج الجبن البیضاء والمخللات بنسبة 12.8 ، 11.8% على التوالی. وهذه النتیجة توجه بزیادة حجم تلک المشاریع وتوجه بإعادة مزج عناصر الإنتاج المستخدمة فی العملیة الإنتاجیة بما یحقق التولیفة المثلى منها والاستخدام الکفء لها للانتقال إلى مرحلة الإنتاج الاقتصادیة.- ویتضح تفوق حجم الانتاج الأمثل، وحجم الإنتاج المعظم للربح على حجم الإنتاج الراهن لمنشآت تصنیع الجبن البیضاء بمقدار 0.75 ، 2.44 طن على التوالی. کما یتضح تفوق حجم الانتاج الأمثل، وحجم الإنتاج المعظم للربح على حجم الإنتاج الراهن لمنشآت التخلیل بمقدار 5.02 ، 31.53 طن على التوالی.- أن نسبة إجمالی العائد إلى إجمالی التکالیف لمشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء ومنشآت التخلیل حوالی 1.59 ، 1.36 على التوالی، وأن العائد على الجنیه المستثمر بلغ حوالی 0.59 ، 0.36 جنیه على التوالی. وبلغت نسبة التشغیل حوالی 0.63 ، 0.74 على التوالی ویعبر انخفاضها عن الواحد الصحیح على مدى اربحیة المشروع الإنتاجی.- وتبرز مشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء والتخلیل أهمیتها فى استیعاب العمالة، کعامل جوهری ذا أهمیة فی النشاط الزراعی والمجتمع الریفی، حیث یعمل بها حوالى 124 ، 252 فرد على التوالی جمیعهم من ابناء القریة التی توجد بها هذه المنشآت ومن أبرز العوامل الکامنة وراء ارتفاع قدرة هذه الصناعات على استیعاب العمالة هو انخفاض تکلفة فرصة العمل نسبیاً بتلک المنشآت حیث قدرة تکلفة إتاحة فرصة العمل بنحو 8.35 ، 16.12 ألف جنیه على التوالی، کما بلغت نسبة متوسط إجمالی الأجور إلى متوسط إجمالی التکالیف المتغیرة بالمشروع نحو 26.6%، 35.4% على التوالی وبذلک تمتاز هذه المشاریع بارتفاع المساهمة النسبیة للأجور فی التکالیف المتغیرة، وبذلک تصبح هذه الصناعات قادرة على امتصاص العمالة الزراعیة الفائضة ، کما أن إقامة مثل هذه المشاریع فی المجتمعات الریفیة یؤدى إلى خلق فرص توظیف من ناحیة، وإلى زیادة دخول العمال الزراعیین من ناحیة أخرى

The apple (Malus domestica) is a member of the Rosaceae family. It is older than the rose in cultivation and is often referred to as the prince of the rose family. Pollen grains of Dorsett Golden, E25 and Ein Shemer were used to investigate their compatibility and incompatibility with Anna cultivar under the Egyptian climatic conditions during two successive experimental seasons of 2016 and 2017. The fluorescence microscope was used to determine the degree of pollen tube growth in style tissue after specific pollination treatments. Degree of self and cross compatibility and or incompatibility were determined, initial, and final fruit set percentage were calculated. Pollination treatments revealed that, pollens of the four apple cultivars exhibited high rate of the viability after 24 hr. in T.T.C test. Growth of pollen tube of the tested cultivars exhibited different pattern of compatibility, the pollen tubes of Dorsett Golden and Ein Shemer cultivars showed different levels of cross-compatibility when fertilized in Anna style tissue. The pollen tube of E25 cultivar grew slowly with heavy deposition of calluses along to the tube where its growth stopped in the lower part of Anna style four days after pollination. Therefore, they need pollinizer cultivars as for good fruit set. On the other hand, Anna self-pollination seemed to be self-incompatible and recorded lowest initial of fruit set percentage in the first and second seasons. The combinations of Anna × Dorsett Golden exhibited maximum percentage of initial and final fruit set in the two seasons followed by Ein Shemer pollens in both seasons. Insignificant differences were noted in fruit weight and fruit volume among all crosses. The highest acidity was found in hybrid Anna × Dorsett Golden in except in the first season TSS values of these crosses were not high and ranged between 11.83 % and 12.83 %.