A detailed survey was carried out for 8 Foster grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) groves in Sennar area (13˚ 37΄ N, 33˚ 37΄ E) representing Sudan Central Clay Plain. Trees were budded on Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). Soil and leaf samples were collected and analyzed according to standard procedures. Soil analyses included particle size distribution, pH (paste), ECe, SAR, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe and Mn. Leaf nutrient  levels  determination included N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn. Yield per tree was recorded for one season and quality parameters were measured for fruits sampled from representative trees. Results indicated that, soil texture of the orchards ranged between clay and clay loam. Although the orchards were receiving the same cultural practices, yet, they were significantly different in some soil and plant constituents. All orchards were non-saline and non-sodic of slightly to moderately alkaline reaction. Soil and plant were deficient in nitrogen and zinc with high leaf phosphorus, magnesium, iron and deficit calcium levels. Mean fruit yield ranged between 0.93 and 7.76 tons ha-1 with an average of 4.35 tons ha-1, which is considered lower than world average. A low % TSS (total soluble solids), low ascorbic acid content and high % green color on fruit surface are evidents of low quality fruits. The low yield and poor quality fruits in this area were attributed to unsuitable soil conditions and the poor management practices

Vegetable production provide great value in the agricultural production sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Growers and agricultural engineers need a comprehensive database in Arabic lan-guage that can be available for use any time any where. Therefore, this research project was initiat-ed. The computer program was developed using Visual Basic Net 2005 which is one of the ad-vanced visual programming languages. We took into consideration easy usage and coherence be-tween all program components. Main results in-clude computer program with the data base, which includes: vegetable crops, diseases, insect pests and other pests that attacks vegetable crops, management tactics, cultural practices, irrigation requirements, planting dates, data search. Fur-thermore, field trips have been carried out to some vegetable farms in all the Kingdom regions. A digit-ized map of the Kingdom has been added to the program in addition to crop water and heat re-quirements. Various search capabilities have been developed in the program. After the completion of the program build up, verification trips have been carried out for five regions in the presence of farm-ers and extension specialists of the different direc-torate of the Ministry of Agriculture to test the accu-racy of steps used in the program. A manual for the computer program as well as leaflet on pro-gram set up and usage have been included. It is recommended to make this program available at the internet and distribute copies to the Ministry of Agriculture and its directorates as well as farmers.

In the present study a suitable methodology is developed for estimating crop area by integrating remote sensing and GIS based on land survey approach. Area frame surveys are common approaches to gather land cover data. In contrast to mapping approaches, area frame sampling is a statistical method. Based on the visual observation of sample geo-referenced points, area estimates are computed and used as a valid generalization without studying the entire area under investigation. The approach has also the important advantage of not involving/disturbing the land owners and the farmers. The survey concerning the estimation of yield for the major crop will be carried out by cutting small samples in the field. The sample covers the whole Nile valley and the delta, the observed area is about 35000 km² and the distance from South to North is about 1000 km. Digital topographic maps 1:5000 and SPOT5 satellite Images was used, 2,5m resolution, Ortho-rectified (DTM). The survey used the WGS84, Universal Transverse Mercator 36 N, which parameter are given hereafter. Three thousands sites were visited during the winter crop survey, the sample could be constituted of a sub-set of these sites and one point will be designed in each of the selected sites. If this point is wheat, it will be included in the yield sample and visited at harvest time. The sub sample is defined as points of observation, 250m x 250m apart; there are 10 points of observation, which are called points. They are located in two lines East-West of 5 points. There suits of winter survey of Nile Delta and Nile valley is about 12591563 Feddan. The main results of the field survey were that the total cultivation area is almost 76609500 Feddan. The cultivation area is covered about 61% of the total Nile Delta and Nile valley. Field crop is the major area in the Nile valley and Nile Delta, its cover about 48% of the total area of the NileValley and Nile Delta. Furthermore, the field crops cover about 79% of the total cultivation area.

Garlic is promoted for use as a preventive factor against the formation of cancer. Although several compounds in garlic may have anti- cancer properties, the dially sulfide compounds are said to play a major role. garlic is known to help in regulating blood sugar levels. Therefore, yoghurt was manufactured by using the aqueous extract of garlic to produce a healthy yoghurt. Different concentration of this extract; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% were added to yoghurt milk. Results showed that 0.1% of garlic extract was the best concentration which gained the highest score. The resultant yoghurt treatments were analyzed chemically and organoleptically when fresh and after storage at 5 + 1°C until 15 days. Yoghurt acidity was gradually increased during storage at 5 ± 1°C until 2 weeks, either for control or different treatments. On the other hand pH took an opposite trend of acidity. The resultant fresh yoghurt had high acetaldehyde, diacetyl, TVFA, viscosity values than control, whereas it showed low whey synersis. During storage at (5 ± 1°C) acetaldehyde, diacetyl decreased while TVFA, viscosity, whey synersis values were increased. Statistical analysis showed high significant difference (a 0.05) for acidity, TVFA, viscosity, diacetyl values and non significant difference (a 0.05) for acetaldehyde content between treatments and during storage.

The current period has seen considerable interest in issues of poverty in the world. And every State can draw the correct and appropriate policies to combat poverty if it can identify the most important determinants (causes) of poverty and know how to evaluate these parameters in line with its potential. Therefore, this research tries to contribute to identifying the determinants of poverty in Egypt and most Arabian countries. For this was the problem of searching high unemployment and low level of services and lack of availability of a significant sector of the population of Egypt and most Arabian countries. The objective of this search is to try to identify the most important determinants of poverty in Arabian countries and the estimate the proportion of a specific effect of each of these determinants in the presence of differences in the incidence of poverty among them, and the possibilities of reducing poverty in these countries. Deliberately search to include the study of all the Arab states, including oil and non-oil. The study estimated poverty function by using some of the World Development Indicators contained in the report of the World Bank for the years 2007/2008, 2000/2001, the indicators are: proportion of population below national poverty line (dependent variable), and many of other indicators, which is believed it may affect the incidence of poverty in any country (independent variables), The study used cross-sectional time series data and the double logarithmic ordinary least squares OLS were used. The results of statistical analysis of the determinants of poverty is clear that the lack of services and facilities of state is the biggest factor influencing the increase in poverty in Arab countries. For Egypt, it was shown that the rate of poverty in Egypt more than their counterparts in the record level assumed by 13.58%, and approximately 8.20% of this difference in the poverty rate between Egypt and the standard record is due in the first place low ratio of value-added of industry from GDP, hence the clear trend State to pursue a policy focus on industry and trying to promote this sector so that the State of employment in this sector and thereby reduce unemployment and reduce poverty as well as state and to attract surplus labor and underemployment, seasonal in the agriculture sector, and should also increase the share of spending on education budget to combat poverty. The study then proceeded to try to reduce the poverty rate of study and upon which it became clear that the first solution, and fast to reduce poverty in less Arab countries is to try to influence countries to boost spending on education (% of GDP) and value added of industry (% of GDP). As for ways to reduce the poverty rate in poor Arab countries explained the study, said the first solution, and fast to reduce poverty is to raise the foreign direct investment (U.S. $ million) (% of GDP) and expenditure on education (% of GDP). It is also for ways to reduce the poverty rate of the

ABSTRACT   Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive seasons 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 at Sakha Agric. Res. Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate to study the effect of four harvesting dates i.e. 135, 145, 155 and 165 days after sowing on yield and its quality of six flax genotypes namely, Sakha1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3 and Giza 9 varieties and two new promising strains (strain 16 and strain 22). This study was laid out in a split-plot design, with four replications, the main plots were allocated to the six flax genotypes, whereas, the sub-plots contained the harvesting dates. The obtained results could be summarized as follow:       Sakha 3 and Giza 9 varieties gave the highest means for technical length, fiber yield/plant as well as per fed., fiber length, fiber percentage, fiber strength, fiber fineness, germination % and crude protein %, whereas strain 22 (yellow seed) surpassed the other flax genotypes which produced the highest values for No. of seeds/plants, seed yield/fed., oil content and oil yield/fed.      The harvest date of 155 days after sowing showed significant increases in stem diameter, straw yield/plant as well as per fed. fiber yield and its quality and crude protein % compared to the other three dates (135, 145 and 165 days after sowing). However, delayed harvesting date to 165 days after sowing recorded significant increase in technical length, upper branching zone length, seed yield and its related characters, germination %, seedling vigour, seed index, volume of 1000-seed, oil content and oil yield/fed. The interactions among the studied factors had significant effects on straw yield/fed., No. of capsules/plants, fiber strength and germination % in the first season of study, while the characters of the upper branching zone length, seed yield/fed., oil yield/fed., fiber length and oil content in both seasons.

The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between wheat yield cultivars (Sakha 93 and Giza 168) and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities  under different soil water content i.e. low, moderate and high content by irrigation at 80% ETo (1280m³/fed.), by 100% ETo (1600m³/fed.) and120% ETo (1920m³/fed.), respectively. Two lysimeter experiments were carried out in two successive seasons i.e. 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to estimate  wheat yield and one experiment in plastic bags carried out of the greenhouse to determine the antioxidant enzymes of 28 days wheat plant under three different soil water content i.e. providing wheat seedlings with aforementioned treatment.  Exposing wheat cultivars i.e. Giza 186 or Sakha 93 to water stress by irrigation at 80% ETo (1280 m³/fad.) exerted an increase in CAT, SOD, POD, APX and PAL over those irrigated at 100% ETo (1600 m³/fad.) or at 120% ETo (1920 m³/fad.), but the previous enzyme activities in the tissue of Saka 93 surpassed of that of Giza 168 cultivar. spike weight and weight of 100 grain/plant of Sakha 93 cultivar overcome that of Giza 168 at low soil moisture content (80% ETo), whereas opposite results were obtained at high and moderate water content (120% and 100% ETo) in the first growing season (2006/2007) and spike weight/plant in second growing season (2007/2008). There was a proportional relationship between increasing soil moisture content and grain yield/plant but the difference between moderate water content 100% ETo (1600 m³/fed.) and high water content 120% ETo (1920 m³/fed.) was not significant. Providing 28 days wheat plant with low water content, decreased wheat yield/plant and its attributes comparing with moderate water content for the two studied cultivars. The current study indicates that Sakha 93 cultivar was the most tolerant cultivar compared with Giza 168.

Study was conducted during 2008 - 2009 on five local grape cultivars: Gubery, Assemy, Aswed, Razeqi  and Bayadh at the faculty of Agriculture–ThamarUniversity . Cultivars were collected from Rawdha and Bany Husheish area – Sana'a Governorate. Morphological and physical characters of berry were determined and the chemical analysis for juice was also assessed. Finally, cuttings were taken from all cultivars and cultivated at the nurs- ery. Data were collected and analyzed by SAS system according to the least significant difference at the probability level of 0.05 and the results showed that: Assemy cultivar gave the maximum value of berry weight of 8.5 g, whereas the lowest rate was for Razeqi cv. of 1.2 g. According to berry dimensions, berry length ranged between 1.6 - 2.6 cm and berry width 1.35-2.43 cm. Razeqi cv. gave the highest content of T.S.S (24.5%), whereas Gubery cv. contained the lowest value  of  20.37%. pH value  was  between 3.98–4.77 and organic acids  were between 0.35 -0.80%. Aswed cv.  gave the highest rate of rooting percentage of 58%  meanwhile, the lowest rate was found in the Razeqi cv. (6.75%).

The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between wheat yield cultivars (Sakha 93 and Giza 168) and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities under different soil water content i.e. low, moderate and high content by Irrination at 806/6 ETo (1280m'/fed.), by, 100% ETo (1600m'/fed.) and120% ETo (1920m'/fed.), respectively. Two lysimeter experiments were carried out in two successive seasons i.e. 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to estimate wheat yield and one experiment in plastic bags carried out of the greenhouse to determine the antioxidant enzymes of 28 days wheat plant under three different soil water content i.e. providIng wheat seedlings with aforementioned treatment. Exposing wheat cuitivars i.e. Giza 186 or Sakha 93 to water stress by Irrigation at 80% ETo (1280 m3/fad.) exerted an increase in CAT, SOD, POD, APX and PAL over those irrigated at 100% ETo (1600 m'/fad.) or at 120% ETo (1920 m'/fad.), but the previous enzyme activities in the tissue of Saka.93 surpassed of that of Giza 168 cuitivar. spike weight and weight of 100 grain/plant of Sakha 93 cuitivar overcome that of Giza 168 at low soil moisture content (80% ETo), whereas opposite results were obtained at high and moderate water content (120% and 100% ETo) in the first growing season (2006/2007) and spike weight/plant in second growing season (2007/2008). There was a proportional relationship between increasing soil moisture content and grain yield/plant but the difference between moderate water content 100% ETo (1600 m'/fed.) and high water content 120% ETo (1920 m3/fed.) was not significant. Providing 28 days wheat plant with low water content, decreased wheat yield/plant and its attributes comparing with moderate water content for the two studied cuitivars. The current study indicates that Sakha 93 cultivar was the most tolerant cuitivar compared with Giza 168.

\{ In view of balady bread in Egypt is considered as backbone in diets, accordingly, in this study wheat flour (82%) extraction treated by microwave at 2,4 and 6 minutes, that target to modify starch wheat flour by heating. The rheological properties were studied by using farinograph and extensograph apparatus. Falling number and amylose percent were determined. Balady bread samples were sensory evaluated and staling rate was evaluated. The wheat flour, crust and crumb layers of balady bread were examined by scanning electron micro scope (SEM). The results of farinograph indicated that, water absorption arrival time, dough development time and dough stability increased while dough weakening decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with wheat flour untreated (control). The results of extensograph revealed that, dough extensibility, resistance to extension and dough energy increased while proportional number decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with control. Falling number decreased while amylose percent increased when microwave treatment increased from 2 to 6 minutes. Sensory evaluation showed slight decrease in values of both color crust and color crumb while, values of both taste and flavor slightly increased but not significantly different, meanwhile, values of crumb distribution significantly increased in balady bread samples prepared from wheat flour treated by microwave compared with balady bread prepared from untreated wheat flour (control). Wheat flour treated by microwave led to delay staling of balady bread and imilorated freshness of balady bread. The examination by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that average size of starch granules increased from 26.10 µm in untreated wheat flour (control) to 29.37 µm in treated wheat flour by microwave at 6 minutes.