World countries are highly involved in securing food for their citizens. With the rising world population, the world has increased the demand on fisheries as one of the protein supplements. The economic importance of fisheries comes from the fact that it is a renewable natural resource that can generate high economic revenues. This paper thus aims to address the main factors that contribute to increasing the fishery production in Egypt. The main findings are as follows: The feed ranked the first in terms of relative importance of total costs in civil farms. It accounted for around 59.9% and 65.23% respectively in the first and second groups. In the second rank came the farm rent constituting around 14.05% and 13.34% of total costs for the first and second group respectively. The findings revealed that average productivity per Acre estimated around 3.711 tons, 4.63 tons/acre for the first and second group respectively. The net investment revenue estimated around L.E. 0.49, 0.79 for the first and second group. The estimated optimum production point that minimizes costs is around 7.09 tons, 5.21 tons for the first and second groups respectively. The revenue/cost ratio estimated around 1.49, 1.79 times for the first and second group respectively. This is a higher-than-one number; thus revealing the feasibility of investing in these projects.   Policy recommendations   In light of the findings and in order to achieve inclusive development in this vital sector in Egypt, the study recommends directing more investments to the sector and constructing more farms in light of their high economic significance. It is important to provide preferential loans with flexible terms for farmers in this sector Enhancing the use of production and manufacturing technology in this sector. Disseminating the problems faced by the sector to universities and research centers to be studies and to find out practical solutions.

Two field experiments were carried out during two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 years at the Experimental Farm of Kaha Station, Qalubia Governorate to study the effect of using three irrigation intervals (7, 15 or 21 day) and five treatments of water absorbent substrates as adding to soil before transplanting ,i.e. (without substrates (control), SAP at 15 kg/fed., SAP at 20 kg/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and compost at 10t/fed.) on sweet  pepper plants c.v. Mohanad and the effect of that on growth, yield, physical and chemical characters of sweet  pepper fruits. The results indicated that, the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components were registered by the treatment of 7 days or 15 day irrigation intervals. Concerning of using water absorbent substrates, it was found that, pepper plants grown in the soil fertilized at 10 t/fed. or treated with super absorbent polymer (SAP) 20 kg/fed., respectively gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components.It is obvious that the plants fertilized at 10 t/fed. and irrigated every 7 days gave the highest values of fruit length, fruit diameter, fresh fruit weight and total yield. While, plants treated with SAP at 20 kg/fed. and irrigated every 15 day gave the highest values of fruit diameter and fresh fruit weight, but the differences did not reach to significance level for fruit length and early yield in both growing seasons. On the other hand, compost at 10 t/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and SAP at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 21 day were the best treatments for yield and yield components of pepper plants. Generally, it can recommend by using compost at 5 t/fed., or super absorbent polymer (SAP) at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 15 days and this mean that increased the irrigation period without any injury or statistical effect on the fruit crop to obtain high pepper fruit yield  with height quality and height net income to the growers.

This study was conducted through the seasons of 2013 and 2014 to determine the optimum bud loads/ vine for Autumn Royal seedless "grapevines. Three years old uniform vines were uniform chosen and pruned to four levels of bud load, namely (32, 42, 52 and 60 buds/ vine). With fruiting spur at 2, 3 and 4 buds per spur The results showed that the percentage of bursted buds was decreased significantly by increasing bud load /vine in the two seasons of the study. Data also indicated that 42 buds/ vine were more suitable for Autumn Royal seedlessgrapevines to produce good yield and fruit quality. On the other hand, 32 buds/vine or 60 buds/vine were unfavorable science it produced rather clusters. In addition, pruning Autumn Royal seedless "grapevines to 42buds /vine by leaving 21 spur  with 2 eyes/spur or leaving 14 spur with 3 eyes per spur resulted a high yield and good quality, reduced cluster compactness and reduced shoot berries %,  gave the greatest cluster weight, berry firmness, adherence, T.S.S and anthocyanin content. Increasing bud load increased number of cluster/vine and yield but reduced cluster weight. Vines pruned to 32 buds / vine gave the greatest C/N ratio of the canes. Whereas vines pruned to 60 buds / vine showed higher percent of T.A than the other levels of bud load and cane length.

Agricultural foreign trade represents an important place in the total foreign trade for its contribution to the amount of change in the deficit in the trade of agricultural balance plus or minus, and thus change the extent of the deficit in the trade balance, and foreign trade which reflects the production, consumption and investment variables through the evolution of exports and imports. The problem with research in the State to take a lot of policies that help the development of exports and reduce imports of agricultural ones especially, but he agricultural exports did not achieve its objective which reflects the weak economic performance in the trade deficit, and the goals of research identify the evolution of exports and imports of the subject of the study crops, and the study of the economic efficiency of the Egyptian agricultural foreign trade through the relative importance of exports and imports of agricultural goods through the international exchange rate, and estimate the total agricultural foreign trade efficiency, which Based on appreciation to a number of indicators including coverage rate, dependency ratio, the degree of economic participation. According to the results obtained, the average coverage of trade overall rate was about 43.86%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 41.2%, indicating a lack of total agricultural exports to the requirements of the total and agricultural development cover, also results indicate that the average economic dependency of the trade rate total amounted to about 56.92%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 15.3%, which indicates a decline of agricultural dependence on counterpart rate at the national level, and reached the total average degree of economic participation of trade about 40.39%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 43.7% which refers to the coverage of agricultural trade to the proportion of 92.5% of total trade, also indicate a net food balance and the ratio of exports of food imports to the existence of permanent disability in food balance statistics, has been the exchange rate decreased commodity crops study namely rice, wheat, maize, dry beans and potatoes to less than one is true, which means that the exchange rate in an invalid state and this would lower real income and the low level of well-being as a result of lower exports of these crops and this is due to the obstacles facing agricultural exports, and recommended research need to take care of software development and support services for agricultural exports from the structure key export and activating the agreements, and the expansion of agricultural projects that produce for export.

To evaluate the performance of micro-catchment water harvesting techniques in combating desertification and the land degradation  in the arid and semi- arid  areas in Syria, this study was conducted at Debah Site of Hama Steppe / Syria, about 100 km north east of Hama city, about 70 km of Salamieh city and about 60 km north east of Hamra area. Community-based approach was introduced as an alternative to better manage the available and degraded resources. The micro-catchment water harvesting techniques were tested at the site (manually prepared semi-circular, contour ridges). Tow spacing (6 and 12m), and three fodder species: (Atriplex halimus, Atriplex leucoclada and Salsolavermiculata) were compared. Statistical analysis of the 2011-2012 showed high efficiency of micro-catchment water harvesting techniques in improving land productivity through increasing soil moisture content and shrub growth and shrub survival rates as compared to the control without water harvesting. Atriplex halimus recorded the highest survival rates and biomass as compared to other species.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of solar UV radiation on defensive enzymes activities in lettuce seedlings. Seeds of lettuce were grown in high tunnels for 35 days, exposed to three different levels of solar UV, created by using three different types of plastic films. Each plastic film transmits different levels of solar UV (0% in UV-B, 4% in UV-L and 83% in UV-T). The obtained results indicated that solar UV radiation has led to significant decrease in seedling fresh weight. UV-B treatment resulted the highest shoot and root length while UV-T treatments exhibited the highest shoot: root ratio. Solar UV radiations have no effect on peroxidase activity in shoots. While ascorbate peroxidase was activated and catalase was inhibited in shoot by UV-T treatments. In lettuce roots, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase activities were increased by increasing the level of solar UV radiation. In case of UV-T, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in both shoots and roots of lettuce seedlings was higher than those of other treatments. In addition, Phenols are accumulated in lettuce shoots as a result of UV radiation in UV-L and UV-T treatments. Also, phenols in roots increased by increasing solar UV dose. The study concluded that solar UV radiation induced some antioxidant enzymes, increased the accumulation and biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and reduced lettuce seedlings growth.

The main objective of this paper was to analyze the impact of government policies on fruit and vegetable sector  in 2003 and 2009 in terms of profitability, protection, efficiency, competitiveness and comparative advantages. The study depended on secondary data and information collected from relevant sources and references. The policy analysis matrix (PAM) adopted as an analytical model to achieve the study objective. Private profitability, social profitability, nominal protection coefficient on outputs, nominal protection coefficient on inputs, effective protection coefficient, domestic resources coefficient private cost ratio and subsidy ratio to producer were calculated for the crops under study. The study results show that fruit and vegetable sector was taxed for outputs and subsidized for inputs, the net effect of outputs taxation and inputs subsidies resulted in a net taxation on value added at varying degrees. Consequently, it could be concluded that, although the overall impact was negative and tending to be worse, but the study results indicate that there are still comparative advantages in fruit and vegetable crops production. The study recommended further vertical and horizontal expansion of fruits and vegetables, strengthening production infrastructures, and government should enact efficient policies that correct the distorting tradable - outputs policy.

The effect of various thermal treatments (electric oven, microwave) and g-irradiation at three doses (6, 8 and 10 KGy) on the composition of volatile and non-volatile of anise essential oil and also their antioxidant properties were considered. The hydrodistilled oil (HD) of control and treated samples were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The volatile profile of raw HD oil of anise consisted mainly of transe-anethole (79.68%) followed by hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (6.95%), para-anisaldehyde (5.49%); g-himachalene (2.53%) and estragole (0.76%). Although the effect of roasting didn’t cause significant changes in the total yield  of major compounds of HD anise oil which are phenylpropanoid derivative (transe anethole , para-anisaldehyde, cis-anethole and estragole (=methylchavicol), it is found that gamma irradiation revealed the same behavior at the 10 KGy irradiated sample but decrease the total yield of these compounds in 6.8 KGy irradiated sample compared to control one. also the thermal and g- irradiation caused drastic increase in the total yield of sesquiterpenes whereas decreased oxygenated compounds  in all samples under investigation compared to control one. Such changes affected the antioxidant activity of the treated samples 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging as well as β-carotene bleaching test against butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The strongest effect of reduction of DPPH radical as well as the highest inhibiting effect of the oxidation of linoleic acid and the subsequent bleaching of β-carotene was by 8 KGy irradiated sample which comprised (84.57%±1.43); (85.21% ± 0.12) respectively, in comparison to BHT (98% ± 0.0) at the same concentration 30 µg/mL besides all samples under investigation revealed high antioxidant activities due to their high content of phenylpropanoid and oxygenated compounds. These confirmed by total phenolic content.  High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the analysis of phenolic compounds in the selected sample. Polyphenolic compounds were analysed on C18 Reversed Phase (RP) HPLC. A total of 9 phenolic compounds were identified, the obtained results showed that the predominant compound was P-qumaric acid (43.36%) followed by ferulic acid (21.06%).

Two field experiments were carried out during two early summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 years at the Experimental Farm of Kaha Station, Qalubia Governorate to study the response of snap bean plants Poulista c.v to some agricultural treatments for early green pods yield production using (flowering, amcotone, super phosphate solution compounds) as foliar nutrition, (charcoal, agriculture sulphur and charcoal + agriculture sulphur) as soil addition and( Pea, onion and broad bean) as protection plants, in addition using black polyethylene plastic as a soil mulch. The results indicated that spraying the plants with flowering and amcotone compounds followed by super phosphate solution had the highest values of fresh and dry plant weight. While addingcharcoal to the soil before sowing snap bean seeds gave the highest values of no. of leaves/ plant followed by spraying withflowering and amcotone compounds, respectively. The data showed also that spraying the plants with flowering, amcotone compounds, super phosphate solution, adding charcoal + sulphur and soil mulch with black polyethylene plastic exerted the highest values on all parameter of  green pods its and yield attributes in both growing seasons. Concerning total sugars in dry pods it's clear that using protection plants with broad bean followed byonion were the best treatments on it. Generally it can recommend  using  any one of the mentioned treatments in this experiment especially flowering, amcotone compounds, super phosphate solution, charcoal + sulphur, respectively to obtain high green pod yield  either early or total with the  best quality.

Seventeen genotypes (G) of bread wheat (14 promising lines and 3 commercial cultivars) were evaluated for mean performance and stability of grain yield/plant, grain protein content and dry gluten percentage under 16 environments (two locations (L), two sowing dates(D) and four fertilization treatments (F)). The resultsconfirmed the existence of considerable genetic variation among genotypes and their performance was significantly affected by different environments for the studied traits. Kalubia locations recorded the highest mean values for grain yield/plant while; Fayoum location recorded the highest mean values for the two quality traits. Yield and quality traits were significantly increased on early (recommended) sowing dates at Kalubia and Fayoum locations than on late sowing dates. Applying biofertilizer only gave the lowest mean performance in all traits, but adding mineral N besides biofertilizer markedly increased grain yield/plant and the two quality traits. However, insignificant differences existed between the rate of nitrogen recommended (80kg N/fed.) and the rate of (biofertilizer + 60kgN/fed.), indicating that biofertilizer could be efficient in reducing costs of the expensive mineral N and reducing environmental pollution. On an average highest values of grain yield/plant were recorded by the promising wheat lines no. 10 (24.57 g), no. 9 (22.50 g), and no. 11 (21.64 g) as compared to the best check cultivar Giza 168. Meantime, this cultivar surpassed the other genotypes in protein and dry gluten percentages. Concerning phenotypic stability, the three superior lines no. 10, 9 and 11 gave the highest mean values (x¯) of grain/plant coupled with significant regression coefficient (bi) values higher than unity and significant deviation from regression (S2di), thus they considered specifically adapted to favourable environments.