This study aimed to investigate the response of four ecotypes of milk thistle from Isfahan, Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Khuzestan-Omidiyeh, and Hungary to three irrigation regimes (irrigation after 40%, 60%, and 80% maximum allowable depletion of available soil water (evaluated in 2020-2021 under five different planting dates (September 27th, October 17th, November 6th, November 26th, and March 10th) at the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology in Iran. The experiment was conducted as a combined analysis of a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest and the lowest grain yield and shoot dry weight of milk thistle plants were obtained under the October 17th and March 10th planting dates, respectively. Water deficit at both levels decreased grain yield, shoot dry weight, number of flowers per plant, plant height, flowering degree-days, and physiological maturity degree-days, but increased grain and shoot water use efficiencies. The "Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad" ecotype exhibited the highest seed yield, shoot dry weight, seed/shoot water use efficiency, and harvest index, making it a promising candidate for breeding programs aimed at creating adaptive cultivars of the milk thistle plant. Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that milk thistle should be planted in the fall season from late September to mid-November under similar climate conditions.

In order to evaluate yield and yield components in intercropping barley with vetch, a two-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miandoab. The arrangement consisted of 9 mixing treatments with densities of 200 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 200 Vetch plant + 500 Barley plant, 200 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 500 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant, 600 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 600 Vetch plant + 500 Barley and 600 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant per square meter and sole culture of both crops. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The result showed The highest spikes per square meter, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, and grain yield in barley were observed in the sole culture of barley. Also, the highest plant height, number of seeds per plant, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, and grain yield in vetch belonged to the sole culture of vetch. However, the highest Land equivalent ratio (LER) belonged to treatments of 200 Vetch plants + 500 Barley plants by 1.49,

In order to investigate effects of deficit irrigation and sowing date on qualitative characteristics of oil and fatty acids in Safflower cultivars, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, during the 2015-2016 growing season. In this experiment, irrigation levels included optimal irrigation and deficit irrigation (50% of water requirement) as main plots and combined two sowing dates including (20 March and 20 April) and three spring safflower cultivars (i.e. Gholdasht, Soffeh, and Sina) were allocated to subplots in a factorial arrangement. Drought stress and late sowing date decreased chlorophyll content, seed yield, and oil content. The results showed that deficit irrigation caused decrease in seed yield and oil content. Late sowing date caused a decrease in seed yield. The highest seed yield was obtained on optimal irrigation and on the sowing date 20 March (2036 kg/h) and the lowest seed yield was obtained on 50% of water requirement and the sowing date 20 April (1675.4 kg/h). Among the studied cultivars, the highest seed yield (1986.91 kg/ha) was obtained from Soffeh cultivar. With the sowing date and deficit irrigation, iodine number decreased and acid value increased. Among fatty acids, the content of linoleic and linolenic acids decreased due to deficit irrigation and late sowing date and the amount of oleic and stearic acids was the highest in the second sowing date, while palmitic acid had the highest amount in the first sowing date. Therefore, to obtain the highest yield and the highest oil quality Soffeh cultivar, optimal irrigation and early sowing date are recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of integrated application of biological and organic fertilizers on absorption and phosphorus physiological efficiency in medicago sativa in Aran and Bidgol citiy in 2013, A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include four levels of biofertilizers (control, nitroxin fertilizer, Fertilizer Phosphate-2 and the combination of Nitroxin and Fertilizer Phosphate-2) and Four levels of organic fertilizer (control, cow manure, sheep manure and chicken manure) were 10 tons per hectare. The results showed that the use of biological fertilizers had a significant effect on plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at a significant level of 1%. Also, the effect of organic fertilizers on plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, physiological efficiency and phosphorus use efficiency were significant at 1% level. Among the comparison of the averages of intraction effects, the highest physiological efficiency of phosphorus related to the treatment (no inoculation with biological fertilizer + consumption of 10 tons per hectare of cow manure) with an average of 35.78 kg of grains produced per kg of phosphorus used and the lowest amount of physiological efficiency of phosphorus. It belonged to the treatment (not using biological fertilizer + not using organic fertilizer.

n order to investigate AMF and phosphorus fertilizer effects on bitter gourd under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of the faculty of agriculture of Tarbiat Modares university in 2020 as a split factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three irrigation regimes including full irrigation, moderate irrigation deficit, and severe irrigation deficit were randomized in the main plot units and the factorial combination of two species of fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices along with control (without fungi) and an amount of phosphorus with a control without phosphorus was randomly placed in the sub-plot units. The results showed that under water dificit stress, fruit yield, total chlorophyll, leaf phosphorus, and colonization percentage decreased compared to full irrigation, and proline, MDA, leaf ion leakage, CAT and APX enzymes, and coumaric acid increased. The use of AMF and phosphorus fertilizer under full and low irrigation conditions reduced MDA and improved fruit yield and the other investigated plant traits. The highest fruit yield (3133.27 g.m-2) was allocated to the plants under inoculation with Glomus mosseae species and phosphorus application under full irrigation regime. The highest amount of fruit coumaric acid (almost 11 ppm) was obsereved in inoculated plants with Glomus mosseae species and application and non-application of phosphorus fertilizer under severe irrigation deficit. According to the obtained results, it is possible to suggest the use of two species of Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and sufficient phosphorus element to improve the yield and quality of bitter gourd fruit under water dificit stress and full irrigation.

The use of biological and organic fertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers increases the efficiency of the cycle of food elements, improves and stabilizes the quantitative and qualitative grain yield by maintaining the appropriate productivity of soil and water resources in sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combined application of organic and biological fertilizers on nitrogen agronomy efficiency and phosphorus content of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2015. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included four organic fertilizers (control, farmyard manure, mushroom compost, and vermicompost) and four biofertilizers (control, inoculation with azotobacter, barvar2, and azotobacter+ barvar-2). Application of nitroxin biofertilizer had the highest effect on all traits. The highest protein yield (2779 kg ha-1) related to nitroxin biofertilizer treatment + organic control and the lowest one (950 kg ha-1) was obtained when no organic and biofertilizers were applied. The highest and the lowest of phosphorus content (2.34% and 1.03%) belonged to nitroxine + mushroom compost and Barvar-2 + organic control, respectively. The highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were achieved in control treatment + animal manure and when no organic and biofertilizers were applied, respectively. Therefore, the highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) NUE were obtained in control + animal fertilizers and when no fertilzers were applied. Considering that the simultaneous application of biological fertilizers (nitroxin + Barvar-2) and animal manure is superior in terms of grain harvest index (35%), therefore, it was more priority and recommendable in the region

For this purpose and identify the best bread wheat lines in terms of yeild and stability, an experiment was carried out during the two crop years of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in the research farm of Safi Abad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Dezful. 407 new wheat lines were evaluated along with 4 regional control varieties, in the first year & 88 best lines of the first year were evaluated along with Mehrgan and Chamran 2 varieties, in the second year. One of the main reasons for this decrease in yield can be attributed to the increase in the temperature of March in the second year (20 degrees Celsius) compared to the first year (16 degrees Celsius), which caused the average grain filling period from 49.5 days in the first year to reach 46.7 days in the second year. Finally, according to the total measured traits of each line during two crop years, lines No. 384, 365, 356, 383, 355, 389 and 424 were selected as the best lines. Pedigree study of the top lines, it was found that in the pedigree of the top 5 lines, there is a common parent named BORL14, which probably made these lines superior to the other tested lines. According to these results, it is possible to propose and implement the use of this line to improve the wheat breeding program in the hot and dry areas of the south.

Spreading hedgeparsley is a weed of wheat fields which thier seed bank is increasing in Kermanshah province. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time, burial depth, and seed shape in the field. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Both hairy and non-hairy forms of spreading hedgeparsley seeds were placed in different depths of storage (control), zero (soil surface), 5, 10, 20, and 40 cm of soil, and then seeds digged out from soil at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months burial time. The results showed that the effect of time, burial depth, and seed shape treatments on germination was significant in the field. The highest percentage of spreading hedgeparsley seed germination was observed in the first 3 months after burial. In general, the percentage of seed germination decreased by time. At a depth of 5 cm in the soil due to the favorable environmental conditions such as temperature, light and oxygen, the highest germination percentage was observed. Seed germination percentage decreased with increasing depth. The percentage of germination of spreading hedgeparsley seeds was higher than that of spinyseeds due to the level of contact of seeds with light, temperature and humidity.

In order to investigate the changes in weed flora in the irrigated wheat fields of Isfahan county over a 15-year period (from 2019 to 2004), a systematic sampling of weeds was conducted in 100 farms with W pattern during wheat tillering to stem elongation stages. In 2004, the dominant weed species was winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) with a abundance index of 76.1; however, in 2019 three weed species, including winter wild oat, wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) were recognized as the dominant species with abundance indices of 70.1, 42.3, and 28.6, respectively. In 2004, the dominant broadleaf weed species were lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) with a dominance index of 67.9 and prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) with a dominance index of 31.96. However, in 2019, the highest dominance indices were observed in lambsquarters, prostrate knotweed, and Flixweed (Descurainia Sophia) with abundance indices of 78.4, 38.5, and 39.04, respectively. The correlation between weed distribution and soil factors (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil texture, and electrical conductivity), crop rotation, and herbicides was examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Littleseed canarygrass, wild barley, field brome (Bromus commutatus), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), hoary cress (Cardaria draba), and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) showed the highest correlation with soil nitrogen levels.

Water deficit stress is considered as one of the most important factors affecting soil microbial activities in dry and semi-dry ecosystems, which reduces microbial activity by limiting access to nutrients. To evaluate the effect of water stress (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% of field capacity), urea chemical fertilizer (100, 200, and 300 kg/ha), and the impact of biological fertilizers (inoculation with mycorrhiza alone, co-inoculation with mycorrhiza and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, co-inoculation with mycorrhiza and azospirillum, and control) on the yield characteristics of Zea mays hybrid Sc706, a field experiment was conducted as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two cropping seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) on a farm in Firoozabad, Fars province, Iran. Dual and triple interactions of water stress, urea chemical fertilizer, and biological fertilizer showed significant differences in all yield characteristics. In most traits, the application of urea chemical fertilizer (200 and 300 kg/ha) along with biological fertilizers (mycorrhiza-azospirillum and mycorrhiza-nitrogen-fixing bacteria treatments) produced the best results. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of 200 and 300 kg/ha of urea fertilizer along with a combination of biological fertilizers, mycorrhiza-azospirillum and mycorrhiza-nitrogen-fixing bacteria, can be suitable options for improving the yield and morpho-physiological characteristics of corn under regional conditions.