Experiments were performed to determine the effect of ergothioneine on rectal temperature and the serum concentrations of heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in stallions following a race of 2000 m in a hot-dry environment. Eighteen stallions weighing approximately 400 kg each were used for the experiment. They were divided into three groups of six stallions each. Group I (EEX) was the experimental group that was administered ergothioneine (0.5 mg/kg per os), while group II (EEC) did not receive ergothioneine before exercise. The third group (EEN) was neither administered ergothioneine nor exercised. The dry-bulb temperature and the relative humidity of the experiment were determined for six days and on the day of the experiment. The temperature-humidity index was also calculated. Rectal temperature, serum HSP-70, and TNF-α concentrations of all horses were measured before commencement, immediately after, and 2 h after the exercise. The dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity which showed diurnal fluctuations increased significantly (p < 0.05) between 06.00 h and 12.00 h (22.6 ± 1.23 and 38.6 ± 6.5, respectively). Serum TNF-α and HSP-70 levels of the stallions in the EEX group were higher than the values obtained in the EEC and EEN groups (p < 0.05). The values of rectal temperature obtained were lower (p < 0.05) in the EEX group than in the other groups. Therefore, it could be concluded that ergothioneine modulated rectal temperature, as well as TNF-α and HSP-70 concentrations in the stallions, and might be beneficial to horses during exercise.

It has been documented that hemodynamic disturbances occur in hypovolemic patients. Therefore, the early management of hypovolemia is essential to achieve optimal outcomes. Blood gas, which changes rapidly during hemodynamic instability, can be used as a diagnostic approach for monitoring emergency patients. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the results of resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) or lactated Ringer's solution (LR) on venous and arterial blood gas. In addition, the difference between venous and arterial blood gas parameters is investigated to assess the possibility of using venous blood gas analysis as a successor for arterial blood gas analysis in the resuscitation of hypovolemic dogs. Venous and arterial pH, PO2, PCO2, HCO3-, and base excess were analyzed at the end of each study stage as follow: 1) Establishment of anesthesia, 2) Blood collection to an arterial mean pressure of 40-50 mm Hg, 3) Maintaining dogs in a hypovolemic state, 4) Resuscitation with LR (group A) or HES (group B) in four steps, and 5) One hour after the final resuscitation step. Hypovolemia decreased the studied parameters, except venous PCO2, which showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Fluid resuscitation returned the studied parameters to the control values as venous PCO2 in group A and HCO3- in group B showed a significant change in comparison with the control values (p < 0.05). We found that venous pH, HCO3-, and PCO2 can be used as less invasive and safer alternatives to similar arterial parameters to monitor the fluid resuscitation of hypovolemic dogs.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing cassava pulp with cocoa pod and acacia leaf on the blood metabolites of WAD goats. Twenty-eight WAD bucks aged 5 months with the mean body weight of 7 ± 0.2 kg were used in this completely randomized experiment. The goats were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments in different ratios of 0:60:40 (T1), 10:50:40 (T2), 20:40:40 (T3), 30:30:40 (T4), 40:20:40 (T5), 50:10:40 (T6), and 60:0:40 (T7) g/kg DM. The collected data were analyzed by the analysis of variance using SPSS. The obtained results showed that the highest PCV was obtained from treatment 1 (26.83%), followed by treatments 2 (23.40%) and 3 (22.27%). Haemoglobin concentration was the highest in treatment 1 (11.4 g/dl), followed by treatments 2 (11.15 g/dl) and 3 (10.37 g/dl).  At the end of the experiment, there was a sharp decline in the PCV and haemoglobin values of the goats in treatments 5, 6, and 7. RBC values significantly (p < 0.05) decreased as the levels of cocoa pod increased. Total protein and albumin had the ranges of 7.23-5 and 3.7-2.1 g/dl, respectively and and Total protein were significantly (p < 0.05) different among the groups. The hepatic enzymes ALT, ALP, and AST were within the normal range. Our study revealed that supplementing cassava pulp with cocoa pod and acacia leaf at the combinations of 0% cocoa pod, 60% cassava pulp, and 40% acacia leaf to 20% cocoa pod, 40% cassava pulp, and 40% acacia leaf had no negative effects on the blood profile of WAD goats.

Femoral fractures in cats are common and are usually treated using pins and wires, lag screws, intramedullary pins, as well as interlocking pins and plates. Among femur fractures, supracondylar femur fractures have an important place, and both proximal and distal femur fractures are more difficult than diaphyseal fractures. This study, which was conducted on 55 cats with the distal femur and supracondylar fractures, aimed to retrospectively evaluate the results of three different methods used traditionally. These methods were Rush pinning, cross pinning, and locked anatomic plates. Despite the disadvantages of each of the techniques, no problem was found in the application of either of them. No complications, including pin migration or plate and screw related complications, were encountered in the postoperative period. Functional improvement was achieved in all cats. As a result, it can be said that the method to be used in supracondylar fractures in cats varies according to the surgeon's preference and the orthopedic materials in his or her inventory. However, the anatomical locking plates may be preferred due to their advantages, such as not using bandages and starting to use the limb in the early postoperative period.

The present study was conducted to assess the seasonal breeding of Caspian horses in 10 mares during a year. Mares were divided into two age groups: 3-6 years (young) and 7-19 years (old). Blood samples (n=530) were collected weekly. The ovarian activity was evaluated by the concentration of progesterone. Mares with serum progesterone concentrations consistently higher and lower than 1 ng/ml were considered cyclic and non-cyclic, respectively. Results showed an interaction between time and age on the concentration of serum progesterone, ovarian activity, body weight, and body condition score (BCS) (p < 0.05). In March, the concentration of serum progesterone was higher in young mares (7.84 ± 1.14) than in old mares (1.26 ± 1.14, p < 0.05).  The serum progesterone was higher in old mares than in young mares during July-November (p < 0.05). Ovarian activity was higher in young mares than in old mares during February-April (p < 0.05). Ovarian activity was higher in old mares than in young mares during July-November (p < 0.05). The length of the breeding season was higher in old mares than in young mares (p < 0.05). BCS was higher in young mares (4.4 ± 0.22) than in old mares (3.2 ± 0.22) in February (p < 0.05). Body weight was lowest in the young mares during September-January (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between ovarian activity and BCS of Caspian mares. Finally, seasonal breeding was shorter and earlier in young Caspian mares compared to old mares.

The effects of curcumin and its nano-micelle form on body weight, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and blood biochemical parameters of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were studied. Diabetes was induced in fifty male Wistar rats which were divided into five groups treated with 1) no dietary supplements, 2 and 3) 40 and 80 mg curcumin/kg of feed, and 4 and 5) 40 and 80 mg nano-micelle curcumin/kg of feed. A group of ten untreated male Wistar rats was also considered a healthy control group. The serum concentrations of AST, ALT, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and adiponectin, as well as insulin resistance, were assessed. Body weight and weight of liver, heart, and pancreas were also evaluated. Induction of diabetes increased the serum concentrations of AST, ALT, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C, and insulin resistance and decreased the serum levels of insulin, adiponectin, and HDL-C, as well as body weight and weight of the heart and pancreas (p < 0.05). Nano-micelle form of curcumin alleviated the negative effects of glucose, lipid profile, and liver enzymes in diabetic rats (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the nano-micelle form of curcumin showed better efficiency compared to curcumin for improving the adverse effects of diabetes. It can be suggested that the nano-micelle form of curcumin at specific doses might be useful for diabetes treatment.

Among the causes of lameness in horses, those of arthrogenic origin, especially synovitis, which can progress to advanced joint damages, such as osteoarthritis, are of importance in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the early diagnosis, treatment, and treatment outcomes of acute synovitis, which occur frequently in English and Arabian horses during the racing season. A total of 167 joints of 126 horses (39 English and 87 Arabian Thoroughbred) aged 2-4 years diagnosed with acute synovitis were evaluated using clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic examinations. The treatment protocol of horses consisted of cold hydrotherapy and light pressure bandage initially, followed by rest for 10 days and controlled walking only, a single dose of phenylbutazone, and intra-articular corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid injection. Although functional improvement was observed in all the horses following this treatment, subsequent relapses occurred in 22 cases. Consequently, it is important to comply with this treatment program and plan the treatment of acute synovitis in the early period. Controlled gaits, rather than absolute immobility, increase the success of treatment, especially in horses at rest. In addition, it is important to ensure that the relevant joint is not overburdened after the rest period in order to avoid relapses.

Bovine paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which affects domestic and wild ruminants around the world. The clinical presentation of MAP infection is characterized by chronic diarrhea unresponsive to treatment. The objective of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine paratuberculosis in cattle herds of Tuta, Boyacá, Colombia. This descriptive cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was performed on 882 blood samples taken from cattle of different racial and age groups. Blood samples were processed using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PARACHEK® 2 Kit, Prionics AG, Switzerland). The obtained data were analyzed by the statistical software Epi Info. In this study, a general seroprevalence of 3.1% was found, and seropositivity in females was 3.6%. The highest prevalence of antibodies against MAP was in individuals > 4 years (5%) and the Jersey breed (4.8%). Therefore, the age of over 4 years was identified as a risk factor associated with MAP. Moreover, a statistical association was found between management and biosafety variables, such as pen management (p = 0.012), feeding with concentrate (p = 0.012), and the presence of diarrhea on the farm (p = 0.048). It could be concluded that the disease is present in Tuta, however, considering factors, such as the chronicity of the disease and the diagnostic method used, it is expected that the number of infected animals is much higher than presented in this research.

This study considered the therapeutic efficacy of three different Artemisia species extracts on capsaicin-induced dental pulp pain and pain-associated changes in feeding behaviors in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were alienated into five groups (n=6), comprising: sham, capsaicin, and capsaicin groups pre-treated with hydroalcoholic extracts of A. sieberi, A.persica, and A.biennis. Pulpitis was evoked by intradental administration of capsaicin (100 µg). The plant extracts (200 mg/kg/ i.p.) were administered 10 min before capsaicin. Pain scores were recorded for forty min. Afterward, feeding behavior was evaluated within 6 hours. All extracts could suppress capsaicin-related dental pulp pain. Furthermore, capsaicin decreased the number of visits to the food and water ports of the feeding behavior evaluation device that led to a reduced amount and duration of meals consumed. These harmful effects of capsaicin on meal duration, and frequency were attenuated by A.persica. Moreover, capsaicin inhibitory effect on food intake and water consumption was suppressed by all the extracts. Taken together, the present study showed that Artemisia species extracts are useful in supressing capsaicin-induced pulpal pain and pain-induced feeding abnormalities.

Melophagus ovinus (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) is considered one of the main ectoparasites that attack sheep, however, in Ecuador information about this parasite is limited. In this study, the prevalence of Melophagus ovinus in sheep was examined in Tungurahua province, Ecuador. For this purpose, sampling was performed in some semi-intensive and backyard sheep farming systems in different locations in Tungurahua. Significant differences were detected in the prevalence of M. ovinus between different locations, being higher in Ambato (39.3%), followed by Quero (33.5%), Mocha (32, 3%), Pelileo (30.7%), and Tisaleo (28%). Meanwhile, a significant decrease in prevalence was observed in Patate, Cevallos, and Píllaro ranging from 7.5% to 18%, and no Melophagus ovinus was detected in Baños. No relationship was observed between the number of ectoparasites and the gender or age of the host sheep. A higher incidence was observed in males (58.45%) than in females (41.55%), even though it was not statistically significant according to Pearson's Chi-squared (p/ = 0.492). Similarly, when considering the effect of the age of an animal on the incidence of M. ovinus, no significant association was found based on Pearson's Chi-squared (i>p/i>= 0.314). However, the animals aged 1-3 and older than 5 years showed a higher prevalence. This study highlights the need for further studies on the prevalence of Melophagus ovinus in producing areas.