Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) occurs due to the decrease in insulin secretion following the destruction of pancreatic beta cells. This disease is increasing worldwide, especially among children under the age of 5 years, which is usually associated with irreversible complications such as hepatopathy and nephropathy. The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of the heat-killed Actinomycetales species, including Gordonia bronchialis (Gb), and Tsukamurella inchonensis (Ti) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats by oral administration. This experiment was performed in six groups, including healthy control, diabetic control, low-dose Gb (G1), high-dose Gb (G2), low-dose-Ti (T1), and high-dose Ti (T2). Subsequently; the levels of ALT, AST, total protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine, CRP, IL-1β, and IL-2 were measured in the serum samples in the 14th and 21st days. Besides, histopathological lesions were studied in the liver and kidney. Our findings showed that Gb and Ti could alter the examined serum parameters, particularly in the T2 groups. Also, histological examination revealed a remarkable attenuation in the pathological lesions such as focal necrosis, vascular congestion, and hemorrhage in the liver and kidney of the treated rats by Gb and Ti. Here, it is concluded that oral administration of the heat-killed Actinomycetales species, particularly with a high dose of Ti, could beneficially improve the progression of T1DM and its various complications, which can be used to treat T1DM in the future.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of pomegranate peel (PoP) extract on the gill, liver, and kidney tissues of common carp exposed to cadmium (Cd). For this purpose, 150 common carp weighing 65 ± 0.85 g were randomly divided into five groups with three triplicates for each group (30 fish per group). The control group received a standard diet without cadmium chloride (CdCl2), the Cd group was exposed to 0.5 mg/L CdCl2, and the extract groups received PoP extract with concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 4% (percentage of food weight) along with 0.5 mg/L CdCl2 in the water. After four weeks, tissue samples were collected from the gill, liver, and kidney and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. In the gills of the Cd group, lesions included congestion, hemorrhage, clubbing or fusion of the secondary lamellae, and telangiectasia of the lamellae. The liver tissue of the Cd group exhibited severe degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, while hemorrhage, congestion, cellular degeneration or necrosis, and hyaline cast were visible in the kidney tissue of this group. The severity of the mentioned lesions was significantly reduced in the PoP extract groups, particularly at concentrations of 2% and 4% (p < 0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that PoP extract has significant protective effects on the gill, liver, and kidney tissues of common carp exposed to CdCl2.

keeping rabbits as pets and their use in laboratory research increased the need for studying heart diseases and treatments in rabbits. Pimobendan is one of the most common medications used in cardiac diseases and is anecdotal in rabbits. The first step toward the approval of pimobendan in rabbits is assessing the potential for beneficial effects on cardiac function through echocardiographic functional parameters.This study aimed to determine the effects of pimobendan on echocardiographic parameters. Eleven rabbits were included in this study. Echocardiographic examinations were performed before and after pimobendan administration for each rabbit. The LV morphological and functional parameters were compared between study time points. Pimobendan resulted in changes in several echocardiographic variables in the rabbits, including FS and an increase in EF, SV, LVPWs, and LA end-systolic (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001, p = 0.0284, p = 0.0272, and p = 0.0007, respectively). Moreover, LVIDs and end-systolic volume decreased (p = 0.0343 and p = 0.038). The changes in some parameters were not significant, such as LVIDd, LVPWd, end-diastolic volume, LA max,  Mitral annulus diameter, and LA/Ao. FS, which indicates an increase in the power of heart contraction and consequently an improvement in heart function, increased in this study after pimobendan administration. Therefore, it can be concluded that pimobendan improves cardiac functions. Further studies are required to investigate whether pimobendan has similar effects in rabbits with cardiac diseases.

Considering the role of skull bones in preserving vital organs, paying close attention to the shape and size of the skull is of great importance when various conditions, such as head trauma, are suspected. However, in order to confirm the suspicion radiologically, examiners need to have detailed information on the normal skull characteristics of each breed. This study aimed to evaluate the radiological and anatomical features of the skull in adult Husky dogs. The current descriptive cross-sectional study examined eight adult Husky dogs (four males and four females) that died due to different conditions, excluding those of the head. After the preparation of the skulls, radiographs were obtained on different views. In addition, the bones were examined in terms of morphological characteristics. Morphometric indices were also measured and the results were recorded. Based on the results of this study, the skull of Husky dogs consists of 11 cranial bones (Ossa cranii), and 21 facial bones (Ossa faciei). Three parameters, including the height and the length of tympanic bullae as well as the orbital index, were greater in females compared to males. However, the differences were not significant. Other parameters were greater in male dogs. The whole skull length and maximum width of the skull showed significant differences between the two genders (p ≤ 0.05). The precise standards obtained in the current study can be used in interpreting the results to determine whether the presenting characteristics are abnormal or breed-dependent.

Poultry meat production worldwide has continued to expand over the last two decades. In this regard, hygienic meat inspection and monitoring of diseases at slaughter lines have been recognized as essential for assessing flocks' status. This study aimed to determine the condemnation rate of slaughtered poultry and calculate the economic losses due to condemnations in the Namin industrial slaughterhouse, Ardabil Province of Iran. The data were collected by a veterinarian inspector in the slaughterhouse. The number of poultry slaughtered, their weight, the number and weight of condemned carcasses, and the reasons for condemnation were recorded.  In this study, 3,488,916 poultry were slaughtered, and 42,310 carcasses (1.202 %) were condemned, weighing 66,385 kg. The highest percentage of condemned poultry was observed in autumn (1.61%), and the lowest in spring (0.93%). The direct financial loss incurred due to condemnations was estimated to be as high as 153,067 USD. Septicemia and dead on arrival (DOA) were the most common reasons for the rejection of carcasses, accounting for 47.85% and 0.580 of the total condemnations and total slaughtered poultry, respectively. The highest frequency percentage of the condemnation due to diseases occurred during autumn.In contrast, summer had the highest condemnation rate in association with DOA. The current survey showed that diseases caused the most condemnations compared to other causes. Therefore, improving disease control programs on flocks and increasing the welfare of birds before slaughter is recommended.

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, enveloped and ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. BDV induces persistent neurologic disease in a wide host range included several vertebrate species as well as human. The BDV genome encodes 6 proteins but p24 protein was identified at higher rates than other proteins at BDV-infected tissues. In this study, BDV-p24 protein was constructed and subcloned into expression plasmid pET22. Confirmation of recombinant protein expression was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. P24 protein was injected into rabbits with the aim of polyclonal antibody production and immunization. Compared to other diagnostic methods, ELISA is a fast method with cost effective and high sensitivity as well as lower probability of contamination. ELISA method was performed to evaluate the infection in laboratory rabbits and retrospective infection was examined in 50 rabbits. The obtained results in this study indicated that the ELISA method based on p24 protein has a high potential to detect BDV infection.

Foodborne diseases are a significant global public health concern due to their high prevalence, mortality, and economic losses. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of identified foodborne pathogens and outbreaks in Iran over the past 23 years to provide an overview of the risk assessment and prevention approaches in the country. Using appropriate keywords and searching major databases, such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Iranian Scientific Knowledge Database, we initially identified 4,740 articles. Finally, 328 articles were selected for evaluation. Among these articles, publications on Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria were the most numerous. Poultry meat was found to be the main source of major foodborne pathogens in Iran, including Campylobacter (46.21%), Listeria monocytogenes (38.45), Salmonella (24.83%), and Yersinia enterocolitica (16.81%). Given the high prevalence of foodborne bacteria in Iranian foods, it is crucial to implement effective control measures to reduce the risk and burden of foodborne diseases. In particular, poultry meat, which poses a high risk for the occurrence of foodborne diseases in Iran, should be subjected to further risk assessment and control measures throughout the food chain.

Cancer is a widespread disease of various types worldwide that affects many people. Today, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have substantial therapeutic applications. We investigated how harmful titanium dioxide is to breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cancer cells and HFF cell lines were cultured. The survival of cells exposed to different amounts of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was tested. The examined concentrations were 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml. The survival rate was measured after 48 and 72 hours and IC50 was determined. We found that the highest toxicity occured  while MCF-7 and HFF cells were exposed to 200 μg/ml of titanium dioxide. Apoptosis in MCF-7 and HFF cells emerged as shown with Annexin V-PI staining and flow cytometry. Under a microscope, it was found that titanium dioxide nanoparticles could be harmful in specific amounts. At a dose of 200 μg/ml, after 48 and 72 hours of treatment, MCF-7 and HFF cells were affected. The mitochondrial membrane broke when breast cells were exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The matrix leaked into the cytoplasm, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum swelled. These observations occurred after 72 hours of treatment with a concentration of 200 µg/ml. Considering the acquired effects, titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be advocated as potential medicinal candidates for pharmaceutical purposes even though further research is required.

Minimizing stress during the capture of wild animals is crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality. Oral premedicants have the potential to reduce stress during handling and ease the subsequent administration of anaesthetic drugs. The efficacy of premedication with chlordiazepoxide or haloperidol independently prior to midazolam-ketamine anaesthesia was evaluated in 12 male Bonnet Macaques. Animals were randomly divided into two groups of six animals each (n=6). Animals in Group I were administered chlordiazepoxide (10mg/kg) and animals in Group II were administered haloperidol (1mg/kg) orally, respectively. Temperament of each animal was recorded prior to premedication. Behavioural responses after pre-medication were assessed for 4 hours. Glucose and cortisol levels were assessed in venous blood samples collected after the induction of anaesthesia. Sedation was achieved in both groups of animals whereas the quality of sedation was comparatively better in Group II. Haloperidol-premedicated animals were easy to handle, but increased cortisol and glucose levels were recorded. Pre-medication with chlordiazepoxide and haloperidol produced optimum sedation to handle the Bonnet Macaques for inducing anaesthesia.

The relationship between exposures to Electromagnetic field (EMF) and human health is more in focus. Some studies showed the possible relation between exposure to EMF and cancer. The thyroid gland is one of the most exposed and vital organ and may be a target for any type of electromagnetic radiation; therefore, we studied histopathological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on the thyroid gland of rat. In this research, 35 healthy rats were used. The animals were divided to five groups, and then all animals were exposed to 2100MHz (4G) frequency for 0, 15, 60, 120, 180 min every day for a period of 70 days. The animals were euthanized by removing of blood from the heart then tissue samples were prepared from thyroid gland and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Mason trichrome (MT). Stereological studies were done by the Cavalier’s principle. Following the EMF exposure, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the diameter of the thyroid follicles, heights of epithelial follicles and thyroid follicles volume were recorded in 180 min exposure groups.In the EMF exposure groups (120 and 180 min) histopathological effect observed include follicles with decreased colloid, congestion and increase of connective tissue. We also observed formation of apoptotic body that infiltrated inside of follicle and follicular cells with condensed nuclei under the exposure of EMF for120 and 180 min.We concluded that exposure of EMF (4G) for over 120 min for 70 consecutive days has histopathological and stereological effects in thyroid gland in rats.