Abstract

Abstract

Clove oil is distilled from clove flowers (Syzigium aromaticum) and characterized by physical properties and GC-MS. Distillation was carried out by steam distillation method for 8 hours. Analysis of clove oil was carried out by GC-MS method. The distillation results obtained 163 mL of clove oil with physical properties that meet the requirements of SNI 06-4267-1996. The results of the analysis using GC-MS showed that clove oil contained 6 components, namely, Eugenol 88.20%, Alpha Copaene 0.49%, Caryophyllene 3.77%, Alpha Humulene 0.48%, Eugenyl acetate 6.76%, and Caryophyllene Oxide 0.30%. Another fact shows that clove flower oil has anthelmintic activity.

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

abstract

Rabies cases are widespread worldwide and mostly prevalence in develeloping countries. Several Province in Indonesia are still categorized as endemic rabies, including the Province of North Sumatera. This research was aimed to evaluate the role of external factors that could influence in reduction the rabies suspected cases in the population of the City of Medan. The survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. A Case-Control Design was used in this study. The two groups were rabies suspected case and rabies unsuspected case (control), consisted both male and female respondents. All the population involved in this study were living in the City of Medan. Primary and secondary data were collected usingpurposive samplingapproach. Data were analysed by univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis. The result was obtained the ratio of 1:2 between rabies suspected case (64 cases) and rabies unsuspected case (128 cases) in the City of Medan. The bivariate analysis showed the significant influence of the role of livestock department officer, role of health worker, role of community leader and vaccination tools on the rabies suspected case (P0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the dominant variable which affect the rabis suspected case was rabies vaccine tools.

Interprofessional Education (IPE)is considered an educational strategy that has potential benefit forimproving teamwork and collaboration in practice, leading to improved patient outcomes. As the development and implementation of curricula that integrate IPE requires significant resources, its adoption should be based on evidence of effectiveness. The purpose of this literature review is to identify what constitutes effective interprofessional education amongst health related disciplines. A literature search was conducted using Science Direct, BMC, Elsevier and Joint Commission Journal for the years 2009-2018. A total of 15 studies met the established inclusion criteria. The use of IPE among health related disciplines is one effective way to solve several problems, and its particularly improves patient safety. What constitutes effective interprofessional education amongst health related disciplines are possibly viewed from some aspects, such as efficiency, effectiveness, learning strategy, power, patient and learner safety and readiness to practice, interprofessional curriculum, roles and relationships, and learning outcomes.

The presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and histamine in foodstuffs indicate the level of deterioration in the quality of food and cause poisoning.Sie Baluis the Acehnese dried meat preserved by the addition of salt, acid and dried, but the long processing and drying it under the sun can cause microbial contamination in meat products. Irradiation can eliminate bacteria in foodstuffs. This study aimed to determine the amount of LAB and histamine levels ofSie Baluafter irradiation doses of 5, 7 and 9 kGy and stored 2 to 4 months.Sie Baluwas made of fresh beef 5 kg, dried in the sun to dry, vacuumed and irradiated with gamma rays. The samples for LAB determination cultured in MRS agar and incubated at 37C for 24 hours. The number of colonies was counted using Total Plate Count. The histamine level ofSie Baluconducted by ELISA. Irradiation did not significantly (P0.05) affect the amount of LAB, but the shelf life significantly (P0.05) affected the amount of LAB inSie Balu. Extending the shelf life up to 4 months can increase the amount of LAB. Irradiation dose and shelf life had no effect on histamine levels ofSie Balu(P0.05). This study concluded that irradiatedSie Balucannot be stored for more than two months.