In this study, we aimed to evaluate the oxidative damage caused by lipid peroxidation due to renal coccidiosis by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. Material-The material of this study was made up of tissue samples taken from 139 geese whose average age was 10 weeks, who were brought to our department dead between 2013-2020. Tissue samples taken were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution. 5 µm-thick sections were taken from the paraffin blocks prepared after routine tissue follow-up procedures. Hematoxylin & Eosin staining was applied to the sections in order to detect histopathological changes. Sections were examined and photographed under a light microscope.Various clinical signs such as fever, respiratory distress, weakness, anorexia, tremors, inability to get up from the ground, balance disorders, rotational movement, diarrhea, wheezing were detected in geese. In systemic necropsies of geese, large and small white nodular structures were detected in the kidney. In histopathological examinations, coccidiosis agents (E. truncata) were found in the tubular epithelium of the kidney. Necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration were observed in the tubules due to the presence of E. truncata. In addition, edema and hyperemia in the lungs, multifocal necrosis in the liver, cell infiltration in the portal spaces and enteritis were other important histopathological findings. In one case, aspergillosis was detected together with renal coccidiosis. We observed that MDA expression was more severe in oocyst stages, which is the mature form of the parasite, compared to other parasitic life stages.Based on the results obtained from this study, it was revealed that renal coccidiosis in geese caused lipid peroxidation / oxidative damage through the increase in MDA expression.

In this study, the effects of three different ozonated oils (Sesame, Nigella sativa and Hypericum perforatum) on wound closure rate, healing process and possible complications were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Twenty-one adult Wistar albino female rats were used in the study. Subjects were divided into three groups, early wound healing, (7 days), medium wound healing, (14 days) and late wound healing (21 days). Four full-thickness skin wounds of equal size (10 mm in diameter) were formed on the back regions of all rats. This region was chosen for preventing self-inflicted injuries and reducing external irritation. The wound was left open during the healing process. While the first wound (control) received no treatment in the second wound, ozonated Sesame oil, in the third wound ozonated Nigella sativa oil and in the fourth wound ozonated Hypericum perforatum oil were used. No group obtained parenteral drug administration. First, second and third main groups were euthanized on days 7, 14 and 21, respectively. The wound healing was assessed macroscopically daily. Wound sizes of individual rats were measured with a caliper and digitally photographed every day from the day of injury. After euthanasia, all wound sites of the subjects were evaluated histopathologically.There were no significant differences in wound healing between treatments in the first day 7. On they 14, it was found that the healing was better in the group applied Nigella sativa and Sesame oils (p≤0.05). On day 21 wound healing was completed in all subjects with a resultant of better outcome in Nigella sativa oil treatment compared with others (p≤0.01).In this study the best wound healing outcome was achieved with Nigella sativa oil and Sesame oil where three different minced oils were used.

To compare the effect of intraperitoneal administered Carvacrol with bevacizumab in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model in rats. Twenty-eight newborn rats were included in the study and the OIR model was created with the 50/10% oxygen style. The study consisted of 4 groups and each rat in the groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.01 mL once on the postnatal 14th day. While the OIR model was not created in Group I (control group), it was created for Groups II, III, and IV. Groups I and II were injected with 0.9% NaCl solution, Group III with bevacizumab, and Group IV with carvacrol. The rats were sacrificed on the postnatal 18th day.Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB levels decreased similarly in Group III and Group IV compared to Group II. RVECs values for Group I, Group II, Group III and Group IV were measured as 1.26±0.80, 27.10±3.63, 7.54±1.38, and 6.22±1.22, respectively and it differed significantly between groups (p<0.001). Likewise, NF-κB levels were recorded as 0.61 ± 0.30, 4.36±0.65, 2.68±0.44, and 2.85±0.58, respectively and it differed significantly between groups (p<0.001). On the other hand, RVECs and NF-κB levels were similar between Group III, and Group IV (p values were 0.58 and 0.91, respectively).The study demonstrated that carvacrol significantly reduced retinal pathological neovascularizations, RVECs, and NF-κB levels. Moreover, the observed effects were comparable to those of bevacizumab.

This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the distribution of the Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6) and the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in the duodenum tissue of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Eighteen female Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups as thecontrol, sham and diabetes groups. Routine histological and immunohistochemical methods were appliedon the duodenum tissues collected at the end of the study.Results: It was determined that the villus length measurements showed a statistically significant differencebetween the control and diabetes groups. There was NGF immunoreactivity which was moderate anddiffuse cytoplasmic in the villus intestinalis and muscularis layer in all groups, weak in the crypts andglands in the control and sham groups and moderate and diffuse cytoplasmic in the diabetes group. ATF6immunoreactivity was determined moderate in the villus intestinalis, crypts, glands and muscularis layerin the control and sham groups and strong diffuse cytoplasmic in the diabetes group. It wasdetermined that both NGF and ATF6 immunoreactivity increased in the duodenum tissue of the rats onwhich diabetes was induced experimentally.

The researcher’s attention nephrotoxicity from antibiotics (as aminoglycosides), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antifungals, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Several drugs have resulted in produce an adverse effect on kidneys. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which leads to the conversion of Angiotensin-I to Angiotensin-II in vascular tissues. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect on serum angiotensin converting enzyme of the amikacin. In this study, two different groups were formed as control (10 rats / Wistar-albino female) and experimental group (30 rats / Wistar-albino female). The experimental group was administered 15 mg/kg amikacin intraperitoneally (ip) for 14 days, and the control group was administered saline solution at the same rate.When the groups are compared according to the statistical results, it is seen that there is a significant increase in ACE activity of the experimental group compared to the control group (p˂0.001).As a result, it was determined that amikacin administered increased serum ACE activity and it was concluded that it may be useful to investigate the possibilities to evaluate it as a risk factor and indicator in the development of hypertension.

Aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the lactation number on milk production and to detect the most economical lactation period in Holstein dairy cows. Materials and The animal materials of the study were 392 Holstein dairy cows with a similar dry period and lactation length. The cows were divided into 6 groups according to the number of lactations. The groups were formed as 1st lactation (Group 1; n=67), 2nd lactation (Group 2; n=124), 3rd lactation (Group 3; n=51), 4th lactation (Group 4; n=62), 5th lactation (Group 5; n=41) and 6th lactation (Group 6; n=47).Average lactation milk yields for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th lactations of the cows used in the study were 7860.03 kg, 9010.02 kg, 10207.15 kg, 10165.89 kg, 8430.57 kg and 8069.78 kg, respectively. It was determined that the highest milk production and highest daily income were obtained during the 3rd and 4th lactation periods (p<0.05).In conclusion, milk production increased in the first three lactations, 3 and 4 lactation remained stable and decreased in 5th and 6th lactations. But, regardless of the number of lactations during the first 6 lactation periods, it is considered economical to use healthy cows for milk production in dairy farms.

It was aimed to investigate the effects of ketamine combination administered with xylazine used for general anesthesia in dogs on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. Materials and Methods: In the study, a total of 20 dogs, 14 females and 6 males, from various breeds and ages 1 to 5, which undergone elective ovariohysterectomy or castration according to body weights. 1 mg/kg xylazine (xylazine hydrochloride, 23.3mg/ml, Xylazinbio 2% Bioveta®, Czechia) and 10 mg/kg ketamine (ketamine hydrochloride, 100 mg/ml, Ketasol 10% Richter® Pharma Ag, Austria) combination within a single injection with 21G needle were applied intramuscularly. The food and water access were ceased 12 hours before drug administration. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse measurements, and body temperatures were measured 3 times before and 5 times during anesthesia (at the 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th and 120th minutes of anesthesia) by using the AM6100 veterinary bedside monitor. Muff was placed to cover 1/3 of the proximal leg and for the artery to be recognizable by the microprocessor. Pulse rates were measured with electrodes connected to the device. Body temperature was measured by a rectal thermometer which was a part of the device. Measurements were taken before anesthesia was considered as control measurements.In systolic blood pressure, the recordings at 0, 15th, 30th mins have been found as statistically significant in relation to 45th, 60th, and 120th (p<0.05). In diastolic blood pressure, there were no significant differences recorded. The change between the preintervention and post-application has been found significant (p<0.001). Body temperature has shown a meaningful change in comparison to the starting point after the readings (p<0.001).Eventually, decreases in blood pressure, heartbeat, and body temperature were observed for the dogs that have been anesthetized with the combination of xylazine-ketamine.

Objective: Newborn calf diarrhea causes significant economic losses. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the effect of adding probiotics on Total Antioxidant (TAS) and Total Oxidant (TOS) levels in routine treatment of calf diarrhea. Material-Method: The material of the study consisted of 12 calves, routine treatment (Group 1, n=6 calves) and probiotic group. (Group 2; n=6 calves).Results: TAS values increased statistically after treatment (P <0.05) in group 2 compared to pretreatment. Comparison of the groups after treatment revealed that TAS significantly increased (P <0.05) in group 2. While there was no statistical difference in TOS values between the groups a statistically significant increase (P <0.05) was detected after treatment compared to pretreatment.Conclusion: It was concluded that adding probiotics may be useful in addition to routine treatment in newborn calf diarrhea.

This study was designed to provide important clinical signs for tracking nerves in the mandible during regional anesthesia in Gurcu goats. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on the mandible bones of ten adult Gurcu goats of both sex (five male and five female). The mandible bone samples of naturally dead Gurcu goat were collected from Kafkas University veterinary faculty education, research, and application farm and processed as per the standard maceration technique. Altogether, 16 measurements were taken in the mandible bones of Gurcu goats by using a digital caliper and the results were expressed as mean and standard deviation.The obtained parameters from the present study can be useful for an extraoral and intraoral approach for nerve block of mental and mandibular nerve in the mandibular regions of Gurcu goat. According to results the mandibular length and height were 158.86±10.37 mm, 89.38±5.81 mm, in females and 198.93±3.85 mm, 114.5±7.29 mm, in males of Gurcu goats, respectively. The distance between the first inferior incisor tooth and mental foramen and to the first premolar tooth was 19.72±2.3, 19.26±0.44 mm in females, and 29.41±6.10, 21.83±1.02 mm, in males, respectively. The present study revealed that all the obtained parameters related to regional anesthesia showed a significant statistical difference (p<0.01**) between the males and females of Gurcu goat.It can be concluded from the present study that the various applied parameters of the present study are thought to assist clinicians in the administration of regional anesthesia in the lower jaw area (mandibular region) of the Gurcu goat.

The aim of this study is to determine the incidences of Malassezia infection and flea allergy in dogs with dermatitis complaints which were brought to veterinarians for examination in Ankara and Kırıkkale provinces. Materials and Methods: The material for this study consists of 40 pet dogs of different breeds genders and ages found in Ankara and Kırıkkale provinces of Turkey. Malassezia examination was conducted by staining smear samples taken with the acetate band method with Modified Wright’s Stain method. Flea existency examination was performed by using a flea comb.Out of the 40 dogs with dermatitis which were included in this study, 6 dogs (15%) were found to have Malassezia infection, 12 dogs (30%) were found to have flea infestation and 4 dogs (10%) were found to have together.In light of the results that were found in this study, Malassezia and flea infestation hold an important place for dogs which were brought with complaints of dermatitis to veterinary clinics for examination in Ankara and Kırıkkale provinces. Clinical veterinarians must keep in mind that, there is high incidence rates of these 2 dermatitis causing agents and also remember to especially consider them in the list of differential diagnosis.