Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate economic loss from liver condemnation due to Fasciolosis in slaughtered ruminants in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Three hundred (300) livers each of cattle, sheep and goats slaughtered were randomly selected and examined for the presence of Fasciola flukes. The infected livers were weighed and economic value in Nigerian Naira (₦) and US Dollar (US$) were assessed. Results: An overall economic loss of ₦602,400.00 (1,882.50 US$) per annum was incurred during the period under study from a total of 753 kg of liver condemned. Total of 428 kg and 325 kg of liver were condemned during dry and rainy seasons respectively, resulting in higher economic loss of (₦342,400.00; 1,070 US$) in dry season and (₦260,000.00; 812.50 US$) during rainy season. More liver were condemned in the adult cattle (372 kg) than in adult sheep (117 kg) and goats (108 kg) during the period of this study. Conclusion: Ruminant fasciolosis is endemic in Maiduguri, and high economic loss for the farmers and butchers are reported in this study. Strengthening and developing better control methods of fasciolosis in ruminants in Borno State is suggested. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 65-70]

A crucial control point for good hygiene is the process of cleaning and disinfecting the slaughterhouse, the animals, the environment, and the hands of the workers. It is a crucial phase in the biosecurity process. By counting the aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, moulds, and yeasts, the current study was designed to assess the abattoir's contamination and its effects. A total of 120 samples were collected, including swabs from the floor, wall, workers' hands, animals' skin, and the outside of the carcass (20 samples/each). Results of aerobic plate count clarified that the highest mean value was recorded in the abattoirs' floors and walls (1.48x106±2.29x105, 9.54x105 ±1.44x105 respectively), which were then followed by the skin, hands of workers and the outer surfaces of the carcass (5.71x104±1.26x104, 5.39x104±1.15x104, 4.50x104 ±1.68x104 respectively). After using disinfectants, chloroxylenol was the most effective disinfection across all tested samples, with the best reduction percentage. The highest mean value of staphylococcus count was recorded in the hands of workers (1.95x105±1.03x105) had the greatest staphylococcus count, followed by the outer surface of the carcass and the skin (6.66x104 ±2.47x104, 6.47x104±1.22x104 respectively). The highest mean value of coliforms count was recorded on the outer surface of the carcasses 43.45±10.61 MPN/cm2, followed by the skin and the hands of the workers (33.90±8.27, 28.90±11.57 MPN/cm2 respectively. Several spp of coliforms were detected such as Citrobacter diversus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia. Staph. aureus was reported depending on coagulase test, the incidence of infection was higher in Carcass than in hands and skin. Moreover, Salmonella incidence was higher in the hands followed by carcass. The abattoir's air samples had high mean value of mould 25.93±2.83 compared to yeast 17.80±3.58 (cfu/plate/minute). Regarding mould, H2O2 showed the best reduction rate followed by chlorine. While regarding yeast, chlorine was the best followed by chloroxylenol. Results of microbiological examination of the collected samples reflected a clear state of contamination in abattoirs environment and the effect of disinfectants.

Liver is budget-friendly and full of nutrients including protein, and micronutrients as vitamin B12, vitamin A, riboflavin, copper, and iron. Liver appeared as the most affected organ among offal of slaughtered animals. This work had studied the pathological lesions in a total of 85200 different slaughtered animals in many providence abattoirs in Suez Canal region through year 2021. The direct economic loss from organs condemnation (Kg) was also assessed. In 2021, a total of 4200, 64800 and 16200 camels, cattle, and sheep respectively were slaughtered for domestic consumption. The percent of liver lesions from camels, cattle, and sheep were 1.04%, 3.62%, and 2.85 respectively. The total economic losses due to the liver condemnation of camel, cattle and sheep were 31680 LE (2023 $), 1313760 LE (83893 $) and 138600 LE (8851 $) respectively. The total economic loss due to liver condemnation reached 1484040 LE (94766 $). The results of the current study made clear the need for the creation of an efficient program to combat Egypt's meat-related social problems.

The flesh of the slaughtered animals is believed to be sterile. However, after slaughter, meat of different animal species is exposed to a vast array of microorganisms during processing of the carcasses. Carcass processing includes slaughtering, dressing, evisceration, quartering, and further transportation, and distribution. Several sources of microbial contamination might contribute to the microbial status of the different carcasses including internal sources such as the ruminal content of the animal, blood, hide and skin, and external sources such as butchers hands, clothes, knives, cutting boards, and abattoir environment including walls, floors, washing water, etc. One major task of the food safety sector is to ensure the hygienic measures adopted during all steps of meat processing. Therefore, this study was undertaken to review the microbial surface contaminants of the animal carcasses. This review concluded that efficient hygienic measures should be adopted during all steps of handling of the meat in order to obtain a high keeping quality meat with low initial microbial load.