Migratory birds are considered a vessel for preserving and transmitting microbes, which contribute with great force in transporting them from one place to another over long distances in the world. This would contribute to the emergence of disease pandemics globally and the most obvious example is the avian influenza (AI) epidemics over time. The most famous recent scenario is the AI pandemic that began in Hong Kong in 1990s. Natural resistance to AI helps migratory birds retain avian influenza viruses (AIVs) for long periods and transfer them from their source to many other countries during migration paths. Accordingly, they serve as a vector for the maintenance and introduction of both highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI and LPAI). Through this study, the subtypes of high- and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses found in migratory and wild birds in Egypt were identified, and the most important species of implicated birds were recognized since 1970s tell now. In the view of geoepidemiology of AIVs transmitted by migratory birds, we highlighted the main entry, gathering places and movement routes encountered either with free-living or domesticated birds. By reviewing the outcomes of previous studies over the past two decades, a total of 108 AIVs including 70 of the LPAI and 38 of the HPAI were isolated from migratory and free-living birds. Migratory birds topped the list with 91% of the LPAI and 79% of the HPAI. Interestingly, Damietta province had the highest rates of virus isolation; 81.3% and 40% for LPAI and HPAI viruses respectively, followed by Sharkia particularly in HPAIV (26.7) and both borders are with Lake Manzala. Two Anseriformes-migratory birds; Northern shoveler & Green-winged teal harbored more than 50% of the isolated AIVs. Therefore, we call for conducting annual screening of AIVs in spring and fall. Focusing on Anseriformes and recently proposed quails as vessels for AIVs’ mutations mainly in northeast Lakes’ border provinces for early detection and quick intervene and avoid their spread became an urgent need.

Avian haemoparasites are known to exert negative pressures on theirhosts causing considerable pathology and mortalities. The present study reports on the prevalence of haemoprotozoa and microfilaria in various species of wild birds and domestic poultry in Selangor, Malaysia, and contributes to the database on the occurrence of thesepathogens among avifauna in the country. Giemsa-stained thin blood smears were screened from 728 birds representing five avian orders, namely Galliformes, Anseriformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Pelecaniformes and Gruiformes. The most common haemoparasite was Plasmodium, with a prevalence of 8.0%. The aquatic/wetland species of birds (Anseriformes and Gruiformes) were the most common hosts for this pathogen with high infection rates (31.8% – 50.0%). The prevalence of Plasmodium in domestic poultry was moderate (2.7%). Leucocytozoon sabrazesi and L. caulleryi were confined to the Galliformes with relatively low average infection rates of 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Haemoproteus was detected for the first time in domestic poultry and Red Jungle fowls in the country, with anaverage prevalence of 0.8%. Trypanosomes and microfilaria were only present in the village chickens and Red Jungle fowls, with high microfilaraemia rates (19.0%) in the latter. The current compilation will contribute to our understanding on avianhaemoparasite transmission in the country.