BACKGROUND: Nowadays due to the extensive use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a global concern for the health of animals and humans. The consequences of antimicrobial resistance are resistance of zoonotic pathogenic factors and reductions in the effectiveness of treatment for many diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are the monitoring and prevalence of antimicrobial residues of the poultry carcasses in Kerman poultry abattoirs. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2015 to October 2016. A total of 474 samples were collected from Kerman province poultry abattoirs and tested with four plate test (FPT) method. Data were analyzed  using Descriptive statistics for qualitative data with 95 % confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 38 samples were positive (8/02 %), Antibiotics isolates included: Fluoroquinolone, Macrolide, Cephalosporin, β-lactam, Tetracycline, Sulfonamide and Amino glycoside. The highest rate of antibiotics isolated in positive samples was Fluoroquinolone (36/1 %) and the lowest rate was cephalosporin (4/1 %). Half of the samples were positive for one type of antibiotic (Fluoroquinolone), 28/9 % for two types of antibiotics, 13/1 % for three types of antibiotics, 5/2%  for five kinds of antibiotics and 2/6 % for six kinds of antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed that about 10 percent of the meat consumed in this province has antimicrobial residues. Therefore, it can be suggested that proper management strategies for controlling the veterinary drug usage in poultry farms be implemented.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) approach for determination of a rational dosage of ampicillin (AMP) and depletion of the antibiotic residues in milk after intramammary administration to cows.Material and Methods: The cows came from different farms from the Lublin Province area. They (n = 9) received 5 g of the drug, containing 75 mg of AMP sodium in physiological solution, through a syringe tube by intramammary administration. Following single intramammary administration, the milk samples (5 mL) were collected after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed on the Agilent 1200 system connected to an AB Sciex API 4000™ mass spectrometer. The pharmacokinetic analysis of the concentrations of the antibiotic in milk was performed using software Phoenix® WinNonlin® 6.4. Calculations were made in non-compartmental (slopes, highest, amounts, and moments) and compartmental analysis.Results: The pharmacokinetic characteristics of AMP after intramammary administration indicate rapid elimination of the drug from milk. The mean residence time had a several-fold lower value than the designated elimination half-life and amounts to only 3.4 h. The concentration of the drug in the milk dropped relatively quickly and the process was very dynamic.Conclusion: The conducted research confirms the rationale of using the PK/PD model in order to verify the dosing regimen for other antibiotic groups and various indicators of the applied PK/PD model.

Introduction: The main problem in poultry farming is the difficulty in producing food of animal origin without using antibacterial agents. Because most antibacterial compounds are dispensed in water, some water supply systems can be contaminated by antibiotics which are then administered to the animals unintentionally. This can lead to unexpected increases in antibiotic residues in food of animal origin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the constant exposure of chicken broilers to enrofloxacin affects the withdrawal time of a therapeutic doxycycline that is intentionally administered to the chickens.Material and Methods: The concentrations of doxycycline, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were determined by LC-MS/MS in muscles and liver of the chickens.Results: Doxycycline residue concentrations in the chicken tissues from the group that received trace amounts of enrofloxacin were nearly 50% greater than those of the group that received only doxycycline.Conclusion: These results indicated that constant exposure to enrofloxacin in trace amounts significantly influences the residual doxycycline concentration in chicken tissues.

Now-a-days, various types of antibiotics are being used worldwide in veterinary sector indiscrim¬inately for promotion of growth and treatment of the livestock. Significant portions of antibiotics are released through milk of dairy animals unaltered and exert serious harmful effects on human health. This review evaluates and compare researches on antibiotic residues in milk in published literatures from Pubmed, CrossRef, CAB direct, DOAJ, JournalTOCs, AGRICOLA, ScientificGate, Electronic Journals Library, CAB abstracts, Global Health Databases, Global Impact Factor, Google Scholar, Park Directory of Open Access Journals, BanglaJOL and ISC E-Journals. Antibiotics resi¬due in milk was first detected in 60s and then with an increasing trend with highest after 2,000 (188). The highest no. of works, 49 (21.87%) were accomplished in China, followed by Spain, 30 (13.39%); Germany, 11 (4.91%); and USA, 10 (4.46%). Continent-wise highest researches are published from Europe, 105 (46.88%), followed by Asia, 77 (34.38%); South America, 18 (8.04%); North America, 16 (7.14%); and Africa, 8 (3.57%). For detection, Bovine milk sample is mostly used, 193 (86.16%), followed by ovine, 19 (8.48%); and caprine, 14 (6.25%). Acetonitrile was used in maximum cases (77) for processing the samples. Chromatographic technique was the highest, 115 (51.34%) for detection. Residue of β-lactam group have been detected mostly 133 (36.54%), followed by tetracyclines, 51 (14.01%); fluoroquinolones, 49 (13.46%); sulfonamides, 46 (12.64%); and aminoglycosides, 38 (10.44%). This review observe that antibiotics residues are more common in milk samples that are being manifested in increasing researches on antibiotic detection and measures should adopt to cease this residue. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 315-332]

Objective: Screening of antibiotic residues in broiler chicken meat and liver collected from farms and local markets in Bangladesh.Materials and methods: A total of 160 samples (breast, thigh muscle and liver) were collected from markets and farms from different region of Bangladesh. PBS buffer system with trichloracetic acid and diethyl ether based sample extraction was performed. For comparison the standard antibiotics; Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Enrofloxacin (ENR), Oxytetracycline (OTC), Amoxicillin (AMOX) and Doxycycline (DOX) were prepared by dissolving in methanol. Samples were pointed on TLC plates transferred to TLC tank containing acetone-methanol (1:1) as mobile phase. Retention factor (Rf) was calculated after observing the chromatograms on UV light at 256 nm. Same Rf value of standard and sample considered similar compound. Results: Liver sample were mostly positive for antibiotics residue followed by thigh muscles and breast muscle. The frequency of antibiotic residues was highest in liver followed by thigh muscles and breast muscle. Among the antibiotics CIP ranked top in all types of sample. In breast muscle highest antibiotic was CIP (39%) followed by DOX (26%), AMOX (24%), OTC (23%) and lowest was ENR (21%). In thigh muscle, 42, 29, 28, 27 and 24% sample was positive for CIP, OTC, DOX, AMOX and ENR, respectively. Highest number of liver samples were shown positive result for all screened antibiotics (CIP-52%, OTC-46%, DOX-43%, AMOX-42% and ENR-36%).Conclusion: This study ascertained those antibiotics residues are present in chicken muscle and liver which causes serious health hazards to consumers. So proper steps should be taken to control emergence of antibiotic resistance in human being as well as in the environment. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 140-145]

Objective: To analyze the presence of selective antibiotic residues (oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin) in milk during the antibiotic treatment course, and to evaluate the thermal effect on antibiotics residual status in milk of antibiotic-treated cows. Materials and Methods: The raw fresh milk was collected from 18 lactating cows before antibiotics treatment, which were brought to the veterinary hospital and suffered from either mastitis, foot and mouth disease, fever, local wound, or non-specific diarrhea, and so on. Out of the 18 lactating cows, six were treated with oxytetracycline, six were treated with amoxicillin, and six were treated with ciprofloxacin parenterally. Milk samples were also collected at 2nd day during treatment and final collection was done after maintaining the withdrawal period. Since milk is heated before con¬sumption, it was boiled at 100°C for 20 min to evaluate the thermal effect on antibiotics residual status. Thin-layer chromatography was done for screening of antibiotics residue before and after boiling of the milk. Results: At day 0 (before antibiotic treatment), no antibiotics (oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin) residue was detected in raw milk of antibiotic treated cows. In contrast, on day 2 (during antibiotic treatment), 100% raw milk samples showed positive for antibiotics residue. After boiling, all milk samples showed positive for such specific antibiotics residue. On the other hand, no antibiotics residues were detected on day 9, which indicates the completion of the withdrawal period of the respective antibiotic. The intensities of bands for antibiotic on thin-layer chromatography plate of antibiotic residues in milk samples (oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin) expressed that the respective antibiotic residual status was higher in the boiled milk compare to the raw milk. Conclusion: Proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment would mini¬mize the risk of antibiotic residues in milk, and boiling does not change these specific antibiotics residual status in milk. Therefore, awareness regarding the proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment in lactating cows is one of the best strategies that may positively reduce the risk of antimicrobial drugs residue in milk. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 516-520]

A total of 180 eggs (20 batches each represented by 3 eggs) of the farm, balady, and organic egg samples were collected in October 2021 from markets in Ismailia governorate, Egypt, and examined for detection of the oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin residues by using HPLC-Ms/Ms. The farm and balady eggs contained 20% with mean values of 69.95±1.78 and 43.6±2.65 ppb, respectively, and all of them were below the permissible limits and accepted. They contained 20% and 60% with mean values of 26± 0.21 and 39.58±5.58 ppb, respectively, and all positive samples were unaccepted. Both egg types were free from gentamicin residues, meanwhile, all organic eggs were clear from the three antibiotic residues under investigation. The study also revealed the distribution of oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin in albumin and yolk after oral administration and their residues in the 6th-day eggs were (750 and 500 ppb) and (500 and 319 ppb), respectively. The effect of boiling for 15 minutes on oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin residues in albumin and yolk was also investigated and showed a reduction% of (88 and 90) and (90.5 and 87.5), respectively. Meanwhile, the frying of whole eggs for 5 minutes reduced their concentration by 94.3% and 94.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the antibiotic residues in edible eggs are a serious risk that should be monitored, and it's significant to highlight the importance of efficient boiling and frying of eggs in reducing these residues and relieving their hazards to the consumer's health.

Milk antimicrobial residues are a serious concern for the dairy industry. Residues of the tetracycline family of antimicrobials have been reported in market milk by investigators, using radioimmunoassay and microbial receptor technology (hereafter referred to as the Charm II test). In response to these reports, an investigation was conducted to determine the potential of 3 extra-label routes of oxytetracycline (OTC) administration to cause milk residues above the Food and Drug Administration safe value of 30 parts per billion (ppb). Lactating Holstein cows were administered OTC once by use of 1 of 3 routes: IV at 16.5 mg/kg of body weight (n = 6); IM at 11 mg/kg (n = 6); and intrauterine (IU) at 2 g in 500 ml of saline solution/cow (n = 6). Duplicate milk samples were collected at the milking prior to drug administration and for the next 13 milkings at 12-hour intervals. Concentrations of OTC in milk samples were analyzed by use of the Charm II test for tetracyclines (limit of OTC detection, approx 5 ppb) and were compared with concentrations determined by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method (lower limit of OTC quantitation, approx 2 ppb). The potential for milk OTC residues above the Food and Drug Administration safe value of 30 ppb after treatment was considerably greater for the IV and IM routes, compared with the IU route. Mean peak OTC concentrations in milk at the first milking after treatment for the HPLC and Charm II tests were approximately 3,700 to 4,200 ppb for the IV route, 2,200 to 2,600 ppb for the IM route, and 186 to 192 ppb for the IU route, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis, based on milk OTC concentrations, indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) and milk maximal concentration (Cmax) differed significantly (P < 0.001) among routes of administration. The AUC was similar for IV and IM administrations; values for both were greater than the AUC for IU administration. The Cmax was greatest for IV, intermediate for IM, and least for IU administration. There were significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) differences in AUC between assay methods (Charm II vs HPLC) for the IV route. Concentrations of OTC in milk determined by the Charm II test were often greater than those determined by HPLC. Administration of OTC to lactating cows via these routes is extra-label drug use. Failure to withhold the product from early milkings of cows administered OTC by the IV or IM route should be considered a potential cause of OTC residues in market milk. Milk from nearly all cows contained OTC (< 30 ppb), the Food and Drug Administration safe level, by 120 hours after OTC administration. Use of appropriate withholding times and antibiotic residue testing is indicated to avoid OTC residues.

Irresponsible use of antibiotics, inability to follow label guidelines, or insufficient withdrawal periods before slaughtering poultry could result in antibiotic residues in edible poultry tissues, thereby representing hazards to public health. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the residual levels of three commonly used antimicrobials including oxytetracycline (OXY), enrofloxacin (ENRO), and sulfadimidine (SULFA) in muscle, skin, and giblets of chicken carcasses quantitatively. Additionally, the obtained residual values were compared to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) stated by the regulatory authorities. The findings denoted that the muscles of fresh domestic broilers had significantly higher values of OXY, ENRO, and SULFA than those of fresh native breeds and imported frozen chicken (p<0.05). Similarly, in pooled giblets (equal weights of liver and kidneys), OXY and ENRO were significantly higher in domestic broilers than in native breeds (p<0.05). Likewise, ENRO and SULFA residues were higher in skin samples of domestic broilers than in native breeds. In comparison to the MRLs reported by the European Commission, the muscles from 20, 60, and 50 % of examined domestic broiler carcasses exceeded the MRLs of OXY, ENRO, and SULFA., respectively, whereas muscles from 20, 70, and 50 % of examined native breed carcasses surpassed these MRLs, respectively. Conversely, in imported frozen broilers, no muscle samples topped the MRL of OXY, while 10 % of the examined carcasses exceeded the MRLs of both ENRO and SULFA. Therefore, very extensive work is needed to monitor the antimicrobial residues in poultry tissues, as well as educational programs about the proper use of antibiotics in poultry production with emphasis on the public health risks of antibiotic residues in food should target the farmers.

Using 7 penicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, penicillin G, oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin), simultaneous and direct determination of residual penicillins in biological samples was carried out by use of bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric or fluorometric detectors. By use of assay medium seeded with penicillin-sensitive Micrococcus luteus (ATCC No. 9341) as a test organism, we were able to detect penicillins even at low concentrations. All penicillins treated with 10 U of penicillinase/ml did not produce inhibition zones by disk testing, even at a concentration of 100 micrograms of penicillin/ml/assay plate. Using a mobile phase of acetonitrile:methanol:0.01M KH2PO4 (19:11:70, v/v/v; pH, 7.1), standard solutions of the penicillins were separated from each other by use of high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, producing symmetric peaks without tailing, each of which had a characteristic retention time. Simultaneous detection of residual penicillins in bovine serum, kidneys, and liver, for the 5 penicillins for which analysis was possible by use of the UV method, yielded recovery rates from 71.4 to 102.3%; for the 2 amino-penicillins, amoxicillin and ampicillin, which could only be detected by use of the fluorometric method, recovery rate ranged from 72.9 to 103%.