A study was conducted inthe Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex,College of Veterinary Animal Sciences,Mannuthy to evaluate the efficacy ofclindamycin as potential monotherapytreatment plan for Babesia gibsoni infectionin dogs during the period from January2013 to March 2014. Dogs of variousbreeds and age groups belonging to bothsexes diagnosed of having Babesia gibsoniinfection by blood smear examination andconfirmed by PCR were selected for thestudy. These animals were treated withclindamycin @ 11mg/kg bw IV q24hr for10 days and supported with haematinics.All animals showed clinical cure withimprovement in appetite and physicalactivity, increase in haematologicalparameters including platelet count andimprovement in serum chemistry values.

Colibacillosis is animportant disease affecting the poultryindustry in many countries, caused bythe Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC):it manifests as various clinical signs. Itcontributes significantly to economicloss for poultry farmers as a result ofhigh mortality and morbidity in poultry.To overcome this, antibiotics have beenwidely used to eliminate E. coli infectionin poultry farms in recent years. Treatmentwith antibiotics has been considered as avital regimen to control E. coli infectionat the farm level for many years. However,high frequency of antibiotic resistance ofE. coli isolates from chicken has becomethe centre of attention due to public healthimportance. The aim of the present study isto determine the multidrug resistant profilesof E. coli strains isolated from chicken.E. coli isolates obtained from clinicalcases were re-identified and classified byconventional methods. Multidrug resistantprofiles against 13 different antibiotics of125 E. coli isolates were determined byusing disk diffusion method accordingto Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute(CLSI). Antibiogram revealed that 81.6%of the E. coli isolates showed multidrugresistant profiles to different antibiotics.Most of the E.coli isolates were highlyresistant to erythromycin (52.8%), followedwith tetracycline (52.0%), spectinomycin(39.2%), trimethoprim (38.4%) andflumequin (37.6%). Out of 125 isolatestested, 19.2% were resistant to more thaneight antibiotics, with one isolates found tobe multidrug resistant to most of antibioticsexcept polymyxin B. These findings alsodemonstrated that most of the isolateswere susceptible to antibiotics commonlyused for E.coli infections treatment inpoultry with lowest resistant score againstpolymyxin B (92.8%) and colistin (92.0%).Moderate resistant profiles were observedtowards amoxycilin (25.6%), apramycin(16%), kanamycin (8.8%) and streptomycin(8.0%). High percentage of multidrugresistance was found among the E. coliisolated from chicken as an indicator tomore serious problems in animal health.Therefore, continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance profiles in chicken andother food animals is crucial to ensure foodchain safety

The livestock industry has been relying merely on chemically synthesised antibiotic for eye infections as sprays and ointment. A natural remedy from Curcuma spp. has been tested for efficacy in curing keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis. A severe case of uveitis was cured within 7 days, with impaired vision restored. These results were observations of a preliminary study conducted in a goat with uveitis.

Increased emergence in microbial resistance to antibiotics is a growing problem globally. A retrospective investigation was made of antimicrobial resistance in a total of 2,345 Escherichia coli isolates from clinical cases submitted to Regional Veterinary Laboratory of Bukit Tengah, Penang, Malaysia between January 2000 and December 2015. Analysis using WHONET 5.6 revealed that resistance to ampicillin, norfloxacin and aminoglycosides was detected in isolates from poultry and pigs more often than ruminants. Resistant to colistin was higher in ruminants compared to other animal groups. Nor floxacin susceptibility was very high in isolates from ruminants, pet birds (82.2%) and zoo animals (88.6%). Isolates from pet birds had higher resistant rate to all of the antimicrobials tested compared to zoo and companion animals. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates (29.25%, 684/2345) were detected in this study. Further efforts, for instance, national monitoring and surveillance, are required to quantify the exposure of animals to antimicrobial agents and resistant pathogenic or commensal bacteria in the animals and also its environment. Such useful information indeed will assist the prudent use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary practice; therefore, suppress the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animals.

Monitoring of veterinary drug residues in chicken, swine and cattle was conducted in Peninsular Malaysia from 2010 to 2016. Tissue samples were collected from slaughterhouses and processing plants. A total of six groups of veterinary drugs were analysed in 8,708 samples using bioassay or immunoassay and LCMS method. The average violation rate was 3.4%, 2.5%, 1.9%, 0.8%, 1.6% and 2.7% for year 2010, 2011 and 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively

The aim of this study was to investigate the bacteria found in different parts of the genital system in cows and the susceptibility to different types of antibiotics. The genital systems of sixteen cows were collected from Al-Hilla, Iraq slaughterhouse. Isolation and identification of bacteria were made for each part of the genital system and antibiotic susceptibility tests was conducted to the isolated bacteria. The results of this study indicated that there were several types of bacteria present in the genital systems of cows. Different species of bacteria were isolated from the samples including, Escherichia coli (28.97)%, Klebsiella spp. (16.82)%, Salmonella spp. (14.95)%, Proteus spp. (13.08)%, Staphylococcus aureus (11.21)%, Staphylococcus epidermidis (8.41)% and Streptococcus spp. (6.54)%. In vitro susceptibility towards different types of antibiotic indicated high susceptibility of Escherichia coli to antibiotic group impenem and ciprofloxacin, while Klebsiella spp. was found to be most susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. Both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. showed resistance to piperacillin and tetracycline. It was concluded that Escherichia coli was the most predominant bacteria in genital system of cows and were most susceptible to antibiotic impenem and ciprofloxacin.

The characteristic thin skin of the scrotal sac in a rabbit was tornresulting in traumatic exposure of the right testicle. Bilateral orchiectomy through an open scrotal approach was performed undergeneral anaesthesia. The rabbit was premedicated with Acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg, 0.15 ml) and Flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg, 0.03 ml,) intra-muscularly. Isoflurane was used for induction at 5% with O2flow rate at 0.7 L/min and maintenance Isoflurane, 1.5% - 3%, O2 flow rate = 0.7 L/min) of general anaesthesia. Both right and left testicles were removed and the hemiscrotal incision was closed with 4-0 Vicryl, horizontal mattress suture pattern. Post-operative treatments with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory agents wereinstituted and the client was advised about how to safely manage aggressive behaviour of rabbits towards each other. The surgicalsite healed without complication and the neutered rabbit recovered fully within 14 days.

A primary fibroblast cells from embryos of brown quail Coturnixypsilophora has been established and partially characterized. The cells were maintained in Modified Eagle’s medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were able to grow at temperatures between 35°C and 38°C with optimum temperature of 37°C. The growth rate of primary quail fibroblast cells increased as the FBS proportion increased from 5% to 20% at 37°C with optimum growth at the concentrations of 10% or 15% FBS. The cells showed no microbial contamination throughout the period of experiment and the total chromosome number of a diploid cell was 78, according to karyotyping and chromosome analysis. The susceptibility of quail primary cells for avian viruses was investigated in this study after inoculation with ND and IB viruses. Both viruses showed a satisfactory CPE development and the infectivity were assayed by virus titration (TCID50). This suggests that the quail primary cells can be used for isolation of various avian viruses with further steps of infectivity confirmation in the future.

The reports on wing bone fractures are common in avian species, butare scanty with peafowl. An Indian peahen (Pavo cristatus) was presented with a wounded unstable left wing and inability to fly. Crepitus could be felt on palpation and the radiographic examination showed an open, transverse, mid-diaphyseal fracture of humerus. Open reduction, internal fi xation and wound closure were performed under general anaesthesia followed by external coaptation of the operated wing. Post-operative antibiotics and analgesics were administered. Bythird week, clinical signs of healing were noticed and physical therapy was advised.The bird recovered uneventfully and was released. A unique case on management of transverse humerus fracture rarely reported in peafowl is documented.