Introduction: In the present study, some of the commercial fish farms located in the Black Sea region of Turkey, were screened for bacteria between 2012 and 2014.

A study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activities of allicin, one of the major essential oils of garlic, against some fish pathogenic bacteria as well as the toxic effect of allicin on monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Allicin 10% v/v solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used in this study. The bacterial species investigated were Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii, and Streptococcus iniae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of allicin in DMSO against Aeromonas hydrophila was found to be 125 μg/mL, while ranged between 250–500 μg/mL for each of A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii. Interestingly, the MIC for Streptococcus iniae was 63 μg/mL. On contrary, allicin exists no bactericidal activity against any of the investigated bacteria. Allicin had high toxic effect on tilapia fingerlings while adult tilapia could tolerate it.

Aquarium ornamental pet fish constitute a major segment in the pet industry, with the United States, Europe, and Japan dominating the market. There are approximately 1,500 marine fish species and over 4,500 freshwater fish species commercialized as aquarium ornamental pet fish. Fish are the fourth most common pet present in Brazilian homes. In Brazil, aquarium ornamental pet fish can be marketed and distributed from different parts of the Brazilian territory and the world. Commercialization and circulation of living animals without the use of adequate prophylactic management procedures enables dissemination of a number of agents responsible for infectious diseases. Aquarium pet fish can also carry pathogenic agents, of bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic etiology, that may have a zoonotic feature endangering the persons handling the animals. This review presents the main pathogenic infectious agents of bacterial, viral, andfungal etiology that affect aquarium pet fish, as well as the prevention and control measures to ensure sanitary excellence in this segment.

Objectives: The study was designed for isolation and identification of the bacteria present in unhatched leftover eggs of duck in selected mini-hatcheries of Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 unhatched discarded eggs were collected as samples from different mini-hatcheries of Tarail and Itna Upazilas of Kishoreganj and aseptically carried to the laboratory in the icebox. Surface washings (n = 54) and inner contents (n = 54) were collected and enriched in LuriaBertani broth followed by the isolation of pure colonies of different bacte¬ria onto eosin methylene blue agar, mannitol salt agar, SalmonellaShigella agar, and blood agar plates. Identification of the bacterial isolates was done by cultural properties, staining, and bio¬chemical tests followed by molecular detection by Polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of 108 samples, 62 were found positive for Salmonella spp. (76%), 59 for E. coli (54%), 52 for Staphylococcus spp. (48%), and 5 for Clostridium spp. (9%). From the egg surface samples, Staphylococcus spp. were recovered in the highest (67%) followed by Salmonella spp. (59%), E. coli (56%), and Clostridium spp. (9%). From the inner contents of eggs, Salmonella spp. were recovered in the highest (56%), followed by E. coli (53%) and Staphylococcus spp. (30%). Conclusion: The isolated bacteria might be associated with the decreased hatchability and embryo mortality in the mini-hatcheries of duck. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 164-169]

The present study was aimed to investigate the gynaeco-pathological disorders by post-mortem and histopathological examination, and to identify the associated bacteria. A total of 310 genital tracts of cows were collected from slaughter house of Dinajpur Sadar Upazilla during April 2009 to March 2010. Among the 310 samples, 31.29% (n=97/310) were affected with endrometritis. Similarly, 8.37% (n=26/310) cystic ovary, 6.77% (n=21/310) ovary hyperplasia, 4.84% (n=15/310) pyometra, 4.84% (n=15/310) parovarian cyst, 4.52% (n=14/310) hydrometra, 4.84% (n=15/310) ovary hypoplasia, 3.55%(n=11/310) ovaro-bursal adhesion, 1.29% (n=4/310) vaginal cyst and 0.66% (n=2/310)) hemorrhagic uterine horn were detected by post-mortem examination, the cases were reconfirmed by histopathological studies. Uterine fluid (n=50) samples were collected, and were subjected for conventional bacteriological culture and biochemical analysis. Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. could be identified from 30% (n=15/50) and 8% (n=4/50) samples, respectively. In conclusion, various pathological disorders in the female reproductive system of cows are prevalent, that may cause reduction of calf production.

Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2013 to estimate the prevalence of internal lesions in slaughtered camels at Tambool slaughterhouse and to identify the aerobic bacteria colonizing these lesions.Material and methods: A total of 280 carcasses of camels were thoroughly inspected during post-mortem examination and samples were collected from internal lesions and cultured onto different culture media. Isolated bacteria had undergone testing of several biochemical activities for species identification and susceptibility to certain antibiotics.Results: Internal lesions were detected in 25.0% (95% CI of ±5.07) of the carcasses and were observed in the lungs, liver and heart. Statistical association analyses showed that origin, sex, breed, and body condition were related to detection of lesions. A number of 179 isolates of aerobic bacteria belonging to 9 genera were grown and included Staphylococcus species (32.0%), Escherichia coli (26.0%), Streptococcus species (18.0%), Corynebacterium species (5.0%), and Bacillus species, Salmonella species, Pseudomonus species, and Klebsiella species; each of them 4.0%, and Shigella species (2%). Drug susceptibility testing showed that chloramphenicol was the most effective antibiotic against Staphylococcus species, Corynebacterium species, and Bacillus species, while penicillin g 10 was more effective against Streptococcus species. Ciprofloxacin 5 µg and ampicllin/sulpactum 20 µg were effective against E. coli, Salmonella species, Klebsiella species, Shigella species, and Pseudomonas species.Conclusion: It can be concluded that internal lesions are prevalent in camels slaughtered at Tambool slaughterhouse and many species of bacteria were colonizing these lesions, hence, evaluating the economic magnitude of internal lesions resulting in partial and/or total condemnation of organs is warranted. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(1.000): 22-31]

Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2014 in Khartoum state, the Sudan, to investigate aerobic bacteria and fungi of skin lesions of fish in 3 different areas in Khartoum. Material and methods: A total of 50 samples were collected from the skin lesions of different types of fish including Synodontis species (n=17), Tilapia niloticus (n=15), Labeo niloticus (n=10), Hydrocynus species (n=4), and Clarias species (n=4). Liquid, semi-solid, and solid culture media like nutrient broth, blood agar, MacConkey agar, sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), and Simmons citrate medium were used for the isolation and identification of bacteria and fungi. Besides, Gram staining and biochemical characterization were also conducted.Results: Culturing of the collected samples revealed growth of bacteria from all (100%), and growth of fungi could be found from 32% samples. A number of 188 bacteria were isolated, mainly Staphylococcus species, Bacillus species, Aeromonas species, Pseudomonas species, and Vibrio species. Besides, 16 fungi could be identified containing Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and Phycomycete.Conclusion: Fishes with skin lesions are harboring many pathogenic bacteria and fungi and may act as a source of zoonotic infections and can transmit several pathogens to workers in fish industry and consumers. Therefore, thorough and strict routine inspection of fish is recommended to ensure safety and that there are no serious risks to consumers. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 375-385]

The study was carried out to investigate the associated maggots and bacteria in myiasis affected wound in animals. Total 37 myiasis affected cattle (n=25) and goats (n=12) were examined in this study, of which 21 samples were collected from the Veterinary clinics of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, and the remaining 16 samples were collected from Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Gouripur, Mymensingh. The maggots were collected from the wounds, and were identified under microscope. For microbial identification, samples (n=10) were collected aseptically by using sterile cotton swab. The samples were allowed to grow in media. Colony and staining characteristics were studied. Traumatic, creeping or migratory myiasis wounds were identified in the examined animals. In this study, subcutaneous wound was mostly recorded, of which 43% (n=9/21) was found at the Veterinary Clinics, BAU, and 44% (n=7/16) was found at the Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Gouripur. The maggots were identified as Chrysomya bezziana, commonly known as Old World screwworm. Occurrence of myiasis due to C. bezziana larvae was recorded as 100%. The associated bacteria were identified as Staphylococcus spp. In conclusion, the myiasis wounds are associated with both Staphylococcus spp. and larvae of C. bezziana. Preventive and control measures against the C. bezziana and Staphylococcus spp. can be undertaken to save the livestock from myiasis in Bangladesh.

Macaque species play important roles in the cultures, and religions of many societies. They are an essential component of tropical biodiversity, contributing to forest regeneration and ecosystem health. The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and macaque species also creates a high potential for pathogen exchange. A total of 228 macaques which belong to four species, including Macaca arctoides, Macaca leonine, Macaca assamensis, and Macaca mulatta, were rescued in the Center Rescue, Conservation and Creature Development, Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (PN-KB NP). Of 228 macaques, 149 (65.4%) individuals successfully reintegrated into the wild. The prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates from macaques rescuing in the Center were investigated. The fecal and nasal samples from 19 macaques were collected. These samples were positive for E. coli (73,7%), Salmonella (36.8%), and S. aureus (57.9%). All of the tested bacterial strains showed 100% resistance to penicillin and vancomycin. The multi-drug resistant (MDR) profile was observed in S. aureus (71,4%), E. coli (95,3%), and Salmonella (100%). This is the first report on the rescue and natural reintegration of the macaque species status in Vietnam and the prevalence of AMR in zoonotic bacterial pathogens isolated from these macaques. This result indicated that AMR of the zoonotic bacterial pathogens could colonize in macaques and may transmit to humans.

Abscess is considered one of the most common surgical body surface swellings in farm animals. The recognition of the clinical, ultrasonographic and biochemical characters of abscesses is important in the management and control of this devastating swelling. One hundred twenty-two animals were selected out of two hundred and five animals presented abscesses in different body regions. The clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were carried out to verify the abscess development. The swabs and pus samples for bacteriological study were obtained before the surgical treatment once the abscess maturation was ascertained. The animals were normal clinically and there were no changes in the physiological parameters. The cattle represented the high percentage in abscess development (73.77%). The gluteal, umbilical and the subconjunctival regions were the common seats for abscess development. The size of abscesses varied from small orange to volleyball. In more than 90% of cases, the abscess was developed as a single lesion. The ultrasonographic examination showed that a well-demarcated echogenic wall for all abscesses, but its contents varied in echogenicity and homogeneity according to the type of abscess (acute or chronic) and its seat. Biochemically, a total two-hundred and ninety-two isolates were obtained which included eighteen single isolates and two-hundred and seventy-four mixed isolates. They included Corynebacterium and E. coli (n=40), S. aureus (n=38), S. epidermidis (n=36), Proteus (n=30), St. pyogenes (n=28), Neisseria (n=20), Bacillus subtilis (n=14), Bacillus cereus (n=12), Alcaligenes faecalis (n=12), Enterobacter aerogenes (n=10), Enterobacter aerogenes (n=6) and Klebsiella pneumonia (n=6). It could be concluded that there are multiple different species of micro-organisms could cause abscess formation in farm animals, and there is no specific micro-organism could be expected to be isolated from the abscess. Additionally, multiple different species of organisms could be isolated from the same abscess.