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Isolation and identification of associated bacteria and maggots from myiasis affected wounds of cattle and goats in Bangladesh
2015
Md. Touhidul Islam | Abdullah-Al-Maruf | Md. Abdul Mannan | Hossain Md. Rakibur Rahman | Md. Marofuzzaman Tarafder | Md. Abdus Samad | Abdullah Al Noman | Muhammad Belal Hossain | Md. Mizanur Rahman
The study was carried out to investigate the associated maggots and bacteria in myiasis affected wound in animals. Total 37 myiasis affected cattle (n=25) and goats (n=12) were examined in this study, of which 21 samples were collected from the Veterinary clinics of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, and the remaining 16 samples were collected from Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Gouripur, Mymensingh. The maggots were collected from the wounds, and were identified under microscope. For microbial identification, samples (n=10) were collected aseptically by using sterile cotton swab. The samples were allowed to grow in media. Colony and staining characteristics were studied. Traumatic, creeping or migratory myiasis wounds were identified in the examined animals. In this study, subcutaneous wound was mostly recorded, of which 43% (n=9/21) was found at the Veterinary Clinics, BAU, and 44% (n=7/16) was found at the Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Gouripur. The maggots were identified as Chrysomya bezziana, commonly known as Old World screwworm. Occurrence of myiasis due to C. bezziana larvae was recorded as 100%. The associated bacteria were identified as Staphylococcus spp. In conclusion, the myiasis wounds are associated with both Staphylococcus spp. and larvae of C. bezziana. Preventive and control measures against the C. bezziana and Staphylococcus spp. can be undertaken to save the livestock from myiasis in Bangladesh.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Antimicrobial Resistant Profile of Bacterial Pathogen Isolated from Macaque species Rescued in the Center for Rescue, Conservation and Creature Development, Phong Nha-Ke Bang Nation Park, Vietnam
2023
Nguyen Van Chao | Xuan Hoa Nguyen | Thi Dung Ho | Thi Hien Bui
Macaque species play important roles in the cultures, and religions of many societies. They are an essential component of tropical biodiversity, contributing to forest regeneration and ecosystem health. The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and macaque species also creates a high potential for pathogen exchange. A total of 228 macaques which belong to four species, including Macaca arctoides, Macaca leonine, Macaca assamensis, and Macaca mulatta, were rescued in the Center Rescue, Conservation and Creature Development, Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (PN-KB NP). Of 228 macaques, 149 (65.4%) individuals successfully reintegrated into the wild. The prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates from macaques rescuing in the Center were investigated. The fecal and nasal samples from 19 macaques were collected. These samples were positive for E. coli (73,7%), Salmonella (36.8%), and S. aureus (57.9%). All of the tested bacterial strains showed 100% resistance to penicillin and vancomycin. The multi-drug resistant (MDR) profile was observed in S. aureus (71,4%), E. coli (95,3%), and Salmonella (100%). This is the first report on the rescue and natural reintegration of the macaque species status in Vietnam and the prevalence of AMR in zoonotic bacterial pathogens isolated from these macaques. This result indicated that AMR of the zoonotic bacterial pathogens could colonize in macaques and may transmit to humans.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Evaluation of the number of colony forming units on the skin of dogs after clipping the hair with two sizes of clipper blades
2019
Meissiaen, Yasmine | MacLellan, Jeffrey D. | Pelsue, Davyd H.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate erythema and number of CFUs on the skin of dogs with hair clipped by use of 2 sizes of clipper blades. ANIMALS 67 client-owned dogs receiving an epidural. PROCEDURES Hair was clipped with a No. 10 blade (approx hair length, 1.5 mm) on one half and a No. 40 blade (approx hair length, 0.25 mm) on the other half of each epidural site. Skin was surgically scrubbed with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% isopropyl alcohol. Samples were obtained immediately after clipping, after skin was scrubbed, and again 24 hours after clipping. Number of CFUs for both sides of the clipped areas, types of microorganisms, and growth on MacConkey agar were evaluated every 24 hours for 72 hours. Colonies were evaluated for bacterial morphology and Gram stain characteristics. Sites were evaluated 24 hours after clipping for evidence of erythema. RESULTS 24 hours after hair was clipped, there was a significantly higher incidence of erythema and higher number of Micrococcaceae bacteria for the side clipped with the No. 40 blade than the side clipped with the No. 10 blade. Number of CFUs did not differ significantly between size of clipper blades. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clipping hair with a No. 40 blade resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of erythema and higher number of Micrococcaceae bacteria, compared with results for clipping with a No. 10 blade. These results supported use of a No. 10 clipper blade to prevent erythema and reduce variation in the skin microbiome.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Changes in antimicrobial resistance levels among Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Ontario broiler chickens between 2003 and 2015
2018
Poultry has been identified as a reservoir of foodborne enteric pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to describe and compare antimicrobial resistant isolates from an Ontario broiler chicken farm-level baseline project (2003 to 2004) to the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) Ontario abattoir and retail surveillance data from 2003, and to the most recent (2015) CIPARS Ontario chicken surveillance data in order to assess the impact of an industry-wide policy change in antimicrobial use. Ceftiofur resistance (TIO-R) prevalence in Salmonella decreased by 7% on farm between 2003 and 2004 and 2015. During the same timeframe, TIO-R E. coli prevalence decreased significantly by 16%, 11%, and 8% in farm, abattoir, and retail samples, respectively. Gentamicin resistant (GEN-R) E. coli, however, increased by 10% in farm and 15% in retail-derived isolates, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant (TMSm-R) E. coli increased significantly by 20%, 18%, and 5% in farm, abattoir, and retail isolates, respectively. Similarly, ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIP-R) Campylobacter spp. significantly increased in retail isolates by 11% and increased in farm (33%) and abattoir isolates (7%). The decrease in TIO-R Salmonella/E. coli in recent years is consistent with the timing of an industry-led intervention eliminating the preventive use of ceftiofur, a third generation cephalosporin and class of antimicrobials deemed critically important to human medicine. The rise in GEN-R and TMSm-R prevalence is indicative of recent shifts in antimicrobial use. Our study highlights the importance of integrated surveillance in detecting emerging trends and determining the efficacy of interventions to improve food safety.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Assessment of pig saliva as a Streptococcus suis reservoir and potential source of infection on farms by use of a novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay
2018
Arai, Sakura | Kim, Hyŏn-jŏng | Watanabe, Takayasu | Tohya, Mari | Suzuki, Eriko | Ishida-Kuroki, Kasumi | Maruyama, Fumito | Murase, Kazunori | Nakagawa, Ichiro | Sekizaki, Tsutomu
OBJECTIVE To evaluate colonization of Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus parasuis on pig farms in Japan and to identify sources of infections. SAMPLE Saliva, feces, and vaginal swab samples from 84 healthy pigs of several growth stages on 4 farms and swab samples of feed troughs and water dispensers at those farms. PROCEDURES Samples were collected from August 2015 to June 2016. Two quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays (one for S suis and the other for S parasuis) were designed for use in the study. The novel qPCR assays were used in combination with previously described qPCR assays for S suis serotype 2 or 1/2 and total bacteria. Relative abundance of bacteria in each sample was evaluated. RESULTS Streptococcus suis was detected in all saliva samples and some of the other samples, whereas S parasuis was not detected in any of the samples, including saliva samples, which indicated a difference in colonization preference. The ratio of S suis to total bacteria in saliva appeared to increase with age of pigs. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 or 1/2 was detected in a few saliva samples and feed trough swab samples at 2 farms where S suis infections were prevalent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Saliva, especially that of sows, appeared to be a reservoir and source of S suis infection for pigs. The qPCR assay described here may provide an effective way to monitor for S suis in live pigs, which could lead to effective disease control on pig farms.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]A method to detect Escherichia coli carrying the colistin-resistance genes mcr-1 and mcr-2 using a single real-time polymerase chain reaction and its application to chicken cecal and porcine fecal samples
2018
Chalmers, G. | Davis, K. E. | Poljak, Z. | Friendship, R. | Mulvey, M. R. | Deckert, A. E. | Reid-Smith, R. J. | Boerlin, P.
Colistin is one of the last-resort antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections in humans, but transmissible colistin-resistance genes have emerged in bacteria from animals. The rapid and sensitive detection among animals of colonization with bacteria carrying these genes is critical in helping to control further spread. Here we describe a method for broth enrichment of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli from animal fecal and cecal samples followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the simultaneous detection of two of the main colistin-resistance genes, mcr-1 and mcr-2. The PCR uses a single set of nondegenerative primers, and mcr variants can be differentiated by melt-curve analysis. Overnight culture enrichment was effective for amplifying colistin-resistant E. coli, even when initially present in numbers as low as 10 bacteria per gram of sample. The mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes were not found in any of the Ontario swine and poultry samples investigated.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
2017
Gardhouse, Sara | Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, David | Cox, Sherry | Kass, Philip H. | Drazenovich, Tracy L. | Byrne, Barbara A. | Hawkins, Michelle G.
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects following SC administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) in New Zealand White rabbits. ANIMALS 6 adult sexually intact female New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES Each rabbit was administered 40 mg of CCFA/kg SC. A blood sample was obtained immediately before (0 minutes), at 5 and 30 minutes after, and at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 95, 120, 144, and 168 hours after administration, and plasma concentrations of ceftiofur free acid equivalents (CFAE) were measured. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. For each rabbit, body weight, food consumption, fecal output, and injection site were monitored. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ceftiofur for 293 bacterial isolates from rabbit clinical samples were determined. RESULTS Mean ± SD peak plasma concentration of CFAE and time to maximum plasma concentration were 33.13 ± 10.15 μg/mL and 1.75 ± 0.42 hours, respectively. The mean terminal half-life of CFAE was 42.6 ± 5.2 hours. Plasma CFAE concentration was > 4 μg/mL for approximately 24 hours and > 1 μg/mL for at least 72 hours after CCFA administration. An apparently nonpainful subcutaneous nodule developed at the injection site in 3 of 6 rabbits. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that CCFA (40 mg/kg) could be administered SC every 24 to 72 hours to New Zealand White rabbits to treat infections with ceftiofur-susceptible bacteria. Single-dose administration of CCFA resulted in minimal adverse effects. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effects of repeated CCFA administration in New Zealand White rabbits.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Pathogens isolated from Batagur affinis (tuntung sungai) from conservation centre for river terrapins in 2014
2016
Santhi M. | Azemi H. | Rahmat T. | Sivanathan E. | Hartini I. | Nuraini Simaa A. | Siti Aminah Y. | Misliah M. | Shahaza O. | Donny Y.
In 2014, a total of 16 riverterrapins (Batagur affinis), locally calledtuntung sungai, died due to variouscauses and a post mortem was carriedout. Complete diagnostic evaluationof parasitological and bacteriologicalfindings were recorded. Significantparasitological findings consisted of seventerrapins showing presence of Ascarid(Sulcascaris sulcata) and Strongyle(Oesophagostomum sp.) worms in the gutcontents. Strongyle and strongyloides eggswere detected using McMaster’s method onfaeces of 12 terrapins. Bacterial culturesfrom organs indicated the presence ofE. Coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus chromogenes, Aeromonashydrophila (4+) dan E.Coli (4+). Thisindicates that common parasites andbacteria are important in the conservationprogrammes for river terrapins andmeasures to curb the infection is highlyrecommended. Continuous data collectionwill enable its management and assessmentin control programmes for a more effectiveconservation programmes.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Impact of polymethylmethacrylate additives on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius biofilm formation in vitro
2015
Morrison, Shauna | Singh, Ameet | Rousseau, Joyce | Walker, Meagan | Nazarali, Alim | Crawford, Evan | Brisson, Brigitte | Sears, William C. | Weese, J Scott
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of gentamicin, silver, or both additives in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) biofilm formation in vitro. SAMPLE 4 preparations of PMMA beads (formed with no additive [control], gentamicin, silver, and gentamicin and silver). PROCEDURES Beads from each group were exposed to 10 MRSP isolates known to be strong biofilm formers. Following incubation, the beads were rinsed to remove planktonic bacteria, then sonicated to dislodge biofilm-associated bacteria. Resulting suspensions were serially diluted, plated on blood agar, and incubated overnight; CFUs were counted. Variance of mean CFU counts following log10 transformation was analyzed among PMMA groups. RESULTS None of the PMMA additives tested completely inhibited MRSP biofilm formation. There was a significant effect of gentamicin and gentamicin plus silver on this variable, compared with controls, but not of silver alone. There was no difference between gentamicin and gentamicin plus silver. When only isolates not susceptible to gentamicin were evaluated, there were no significant differences among PMMA additive groups. Within gentamicin-susceptible isolates, there was an impact of gentamicin and gentamicin plus silver, but no impact of silver alone and no difference between gentamicin and gentamicin plus silver. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gentamicin-impregnated PMMA was effective at reducing biofilm formation of gentamicin-susceptible MRSP isolates but had no effect on isolates not susceptible to gentamicin. Silver-impregnated PMMA had no effect on MRSP biofilm formation. Results suggested that gentamicin-impregnated PMMA may not be effective in vivo against MRSP isolates not susceptible to gentamicin. Antibacterial efficacy of silver should not be assumed without proper testing of the target bacteria and specific silver compound.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Histopathological findings in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with 3 different Aeromonas species
2015
Zepeda-Velazquez, Andrea Paloma | Vega-Sanchez, Vicente | Salgado-Miranda, Celene | Soriano-Vargas, Edgardo
This study describes the macroscopic and microscopic lesions in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with genetically identified Aeromonas salmonicida, A. hydrophila, and A. veronii species. The genus Aeromonas includes bacteria that naturally inhabit both waterways and organisms. At least 27 Aeromonas species have been identified to date, some of which can cause significant economic losses in aquaculture. As up to 68.8% of Aeromonas isolates may be misidentified in routine biochemical and phenotypic tests, however, reported cases of Aeromonas infection in fish may be wrongly identified. Our findings confirmed that the 3 Aeromonas species studied are associated with septicemia and dermal lesions in rainbow trout.
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