The measurement was investigated with 18 heads of fetus (60, 90, 120 days of gestation) and neonate in Korean native goats. The crown-rump length of fetuses at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 8.71, 20.83, 31.10 and 34.93 cm, respectively. The length of small intestine at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 32.28, 157.10, 303.52 and 475.06 cm, respectively. The length of large intestine at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 9.20, 37.70, 82.06 and 94.46 cm, respectively. The head length at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 2.93+-0.07, 6.67+-0.13, 8.84+-0.51 and 9.76+-0.44 cm, respectively. The width of the head at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 2.20+-0.13, 4.45+-0.11, 5.33+-0.20 and 5.51+-0.32 cm, respectively.

In the study, the data obtained to describe the body characteristics of the Hairpin were utilized in the businesses that were registered with Karaman Province Breeding Sheep Goat Breeders Association. Body weights of 130 goats, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 years old and 50 goats, 2, 3 and 4 years old, selected by simple random sampling method were used in the data of total 900. In the study, Pearson correlation coefficient for variables providing parametric test prerequisites, and Spearman correlation analysis for variables not providing parametric test prerequisites. In the regression analysis, "live weight" dependent variable and other variables were determined as independent variables and parametric and nonparametric regression methods were applied. Univariate and multivariable regression models were applied for the whole data set. When all analyzes are evaluated, univariate regression models give lower determination coefficients (R2) than multivariate models. In this case, it has been deemed appropriate to use a multivariate regression model instead of a univariate model in order to make a correct prediction.However, in practice, univariate Quadratic or Cubic regression methods can be used for researchers.

OBJECTIVE To use CT-derived measurements to create a ferret-specific formula for body surface area (BSA) to improve chemotherapeutic dosing. ANIMALS 25 adult ferrets (19 live and 6 cadavers). PROCEDURES Live subjects were weighed, and body measurements were obtained by each of 3 observers while ferrets were awake and anesthetized. Computed tomography was performed, and a 3-D surface model was constructed with open-source imaging software, from which BSA was estimated. The CT-derived values were compared with BSA calculated on the basis of the traditional tape method for 6 cadavers. To further validate CT analysis software, 11 geometric shapes were scanned and their CT-derived values compared with those calculated directly via geometric formulas. Agreement between methods of surface area estimation was assessed with linear regression. Ferret-specific formulas for BSA were determined with nonlinear regression models. RESULTS Repeatability among the 3 observers was good for all measurements, but some measurements differed significantly between awake and anesthetized ferrets. Excellent agreement was found between measured versus CT-derived surface area of shapes, traditional tape– versus CT-derived BSA of ferret cadavers, and CT-derived BSA of cadavers with and without monitoring equipment. All surface area formulas performed relatively similarly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CT-derived BSA measurements of ferrets obtained via open-source imaging software were reliable. On the basis of study results, the recommended formula for BSA in ferrets would be 9.94 × (body weight)2/3; however, this represented a relatively minor difference from the feline-derived formula currently used by most practitioners and would result in little practical change in drug doses.

The normal B-scan ultrasonographic anatomic features of the eye and orbit of mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs were described. The B-scan appearance of ocular and orbital structures correlated well with the visual morphologic features of the specimens. The eyes of mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs were measured by use of ultrasonographic methods; those measurements were compared with direct measurements of the specimens. The 2-tailed Student t-test was used for all statistical analyses (P = 0.05). Measurements made included mid-cornea to anterior lens surface, lens thickness, vitreous body (posterior lens surface to retina), and axial globe length. The A-scan measurements of all 4 ocular distances were significantly different, compared with direct measurements. The B-scan measurements of mid-cornea to anterior lens surface, lens thickness, and vitreous body were significantly different from direct measurements; however, there was no significant difference between B-scan and direct measurements of axial globe length. There was no significant difference between A- and B-scan measurements. These findings suggest that A- and B-scan measurements are similar and that B-scan measurements are reasonably accurate for axial globe determination. Several variables were compared by B-scan and direct measurement methods. The axial globe length of dolichocephalic dogs was significantly longer than that of mesocephalic dogs. The axial globe length of male and female dogs was not significantly different in mescephalic or dolichocephalic dogs. There was no difference in the axial globe length of right and left eyes in mesocephalic or dolichocephalic dogs.

A significant (P less than 0.0001) positive correlation was demonstrated between left ventricular internal chamber dimension in diastole or systole and body weight, body surface area, cycle length, and the square root of cycle length. On the basis of adjusted coefficients of determination, multiple regression analysis, using body weight or body surface area and cycle length or the square root of cycle length, was superior to separate simple regression with these variables in accounting for variations in left ventricular internal chamber dimensions. Shortening fraction had a significant (P less than 0.0001) negative correlation and left ventricular free wall measurements had a significant (P less than 0.0001) positive correlation to body weight and body surface area. For these echocardiographic variables, correlation to the square root of cycle length was insignificant (P greater than 0.05), and a multiple regression model was not helpful in developing confidence intervals. Septal wall measurements were not correlated with body weight, body surface area, cycle length, or the square root of cycle length.

Objective-To compare quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and deuterium oxide (D2O) methods for measurement of total body water (TBW), lean body mass (LBM), and fat mass (FM) in healthy dogs and to assess QMR accuracy. Animals-58 Beagles (9 months to 11.5 years old). Procedures-QMR scans were performed on awake dogs. A D2O tracer was administered (100 mg/kg, PO) immediately before dogs were sedated, which was followed by a second QMR or DXA scan. Jugular blood samples were collected before and 120 minutes after D2O administration. Results-TBW, LBM, and FM determined via QMR were not significantly different between awake or sedated dogs, and means differed by only 2.0%, 2.2%, and 4.3%, respectively. Compared with results for D2O dilution, QMR significantly underestimated TBW (10.2%), LBM (13.4%), and FM (15.4%). Similarly, DXA underestimated LBM (7.3%) and FM (8.4%). A significant relationship was detected between FM measured via D2O dilution and QMR (r2 > 0.89) or DXA (r2 > 0.88). Even though means of TBW and LBM differed significantly between D2O dilution and QMR or DXA, values were highly related (r2 > 0.92). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-QMR was useful for determining body composition in dogs and can be used to safely and rapidly acquire accurate data without the need for sedation or anesthesia. These benefits can facilitate frequent scans, particularly in geriatric, extremely young, or ill pets. Compared with the D2O dilution method, QMR correction equations provided accurate assessment over a range of body compositions.

This project evaluated the use of an ingestible temperature sensor to measure body core temperature (Tc) in exercising dogs. Twenty-five healthy, unconditioned Labrador retrievers participated in an outdoor 3.5-km run, completed in 20 min on a level, 400-m grass track. Core temperature was measured continuously with a telemetric monitoring system before, during, and after the run. Data were successfully collected with no missing data points during the exercise. Core temperature elevated in the dogs from 38.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C at pre-exercise to 40.4 +/- 0.6 degrees C post-exercise. While rectal temperatures are still the standard of measurement, telemetric core temperature monitors may offer an easier and more comfortable means of sampling core temperature with minimal human and mechanical interference with the exercising dog.

Ocular biometry, using A-scan ultrasonography and ultrasonographic pachymetry, was performed in 52 Samoyeds, 2 months to 13 years old, without intraocular or systemic diseases. Furthermore, the relative depth of the opening of the ciliary cleft was estimated from goniophotographs. The values were analyzed, and statistical models of changes in ocular distances with increasing age were identified. It was found that the changes in corneal thickness, axial anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, relative lens position, length of the vitreous body, and axial length could best be described by 1 of the 2 nonlinear models (...). The course began with a period of rapid increase, after which the ocular distance either increased at a progressively slower rate toward infinity (corneal and lens thickness) or to a finite limit (relative lens position and axial length), or ceased to grow and finally started to decrease toward minus infinity (axial anterior chamber depth and length of the vitreous body). However, suitable model for determining relative depth of the opening of the ciliary cleft could not be established. Results indicated that age-related changes, mainly in lens thickness, cause a shallow anterior chamber, and it was suggested that this may be of importance for development of a relative pupillary block and, thus, primary angle-closure glaucoma, at least in preconditioned eyes of Samoyeds.

In a 5-year prospective study, computed tomographic (CT) morphometry of the lumbosacral vertebral canal was performed on 42 large-breed dogs (21 controls and 21 dogs with lumbosacral stenosis). Dogs were allotted to 4 groups. Group 1 (n = 13) consisted of cadaver specimens obtained from dogs that died or were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the spine; group 2 (n = 8) consisted of live dogs with no history of clinical signs related to the spine and with normal neurologic examination findings; group 3 (n = 10) consisted of dogs with surgically confirmed lumbosacral stenosis; and group 4 (n = 11) consisted of dogs with suspected lumbosacral stenosis that were managed conservatively. The CT scans were performed, using 5-mm contiguous slices obtained perpendicular to the vertebral canal, from the midbody of the 5th lumbar vertebra through the caudal endplate of the sacrum (L5-S3). Lumbosacral lordosis was minimized in all dogs by positioning them in dorsal recumbency with the hind limbs flexed. A tuberculin syringe calibration phantom was placed within the scanning field of view, parallel to the axis of the spine. In each dog, 11 CT slice locations within the lumbosacral spine were evaluated. At each slice location, sagittal plane diameter, dorsal plane diameter, and transverse area of the vertebral canal, vertebral body, and calibration phantom were measured, using the CT computer's software programs for distance and area calculation. Window/level settings were constant, and all measurements were made by the same operator (JCJ). Accuracy of calibration phantom CT measurements was 100% for sagittal and dorsal plane diameter and was 85% for transverse area. In control dogs (groups 1 and 2), vertebral canal dimensions were significantly (r greater than or equal to 0.50, P less than or equal to 0.0001) correlated with vertebral body dimensions, but not with dog weight or age. There were no significant differences between group 1 vs group 2, and group 3 vs group 4 for all absolute vertebral canal dimensions and for 5 ratios of vertebral canal to correlated vertebral body dimensions (general linear model for ANOVA). Pooled control dogs (n = 21) and those with lumbosacral stenosis (n = 21) were compared, and significant differences were not identified for absolute canal dimensions. Significant differences between control dogs and those with lumbosacral stenosis were identified in the ratios of vertebral canal transverse area to vertebral body sagittal diameter (P less than or equal to 0.01) and vertebral canal transverse area to vertebral body transverse area (P less than or equal to 0.001). For both these ratios, analysis by slice location identified significant differences (P < 0.05) between pooled groups at the caudal pedicles of L5 and L6. For the ratio of transverse canal area to sagittal vertebral body diameter, differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) also were found at the cranial pedicle of L7. These results indicate that: CT is an accurate method for performing morphometry of the canine lumbosacral spine; vertebral canal dimensions can be corrected for differences in dog size by calculating ratios of vertebral canal to vertebral body dimensions; statistical comparisons, using such corrected vertebral canal dimensions, may reveal differences not evident when absolute vertebral canal dimensions are used; and corrected transverse area of the vertebral canal differs in large-breed dogs with lumbosacral stenosis vs normal controls. Morphometric differences identified at more than 1 vertebral level support a theory that multilevel congenital or developmental stenosis of the lumbosacral vertebral canal may be a predisposing or contributing factor in large-breed dogs with acquired lumbosacral stenosis.