Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1,626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease.

Existem relativamente poucos trabalhos sobre ecologia e comportamento das larvas de Boophilus microplus na pastagem, tendo sido este o principal objetivo do presente trabalho. Foram monitoradas seis repetições no inverno de 1998 e seis no verão de 1998/1999. As larvas foram acondicionadas em 20 seringas plásticas adaptadas e disponibilizadas em pasto constituído pela gramínea Brachiaria decumbens, na Embrapa Gado de Leite, em Juiz de Fora, estado de Minas Gerais, permitindo sua dispersão. Foram realizadas três observações diárias, três vezes por semana. Verificou-se que o tempo que as larvas levam para alcançar as extremidades da gramínea é condicionado principalmente pela temperatura. No verão, as larvas formam agrupamentos menores e menos ativos do que no inverno. Este comportamento sugere minimizar o superaquecimento e aumentar a ventilação, economizando energia. As migrações horizontal e vertical ocorrem como estratégia comportamental contra a ação direta dos raios solares.

Relatively little research has been carried out on the behavioral ecology of B. microplus larvae in pasture, this being the principal objective of the current work. Six releases were made in winter (June-August, 1998) and in summer (November-January, 1998/1999). The tick larvae were laboratory reared in 20 adapted plastic syringes. Its were opened and placed in pastures of Brachiaria decumbens, at the research center of the Embrapa Gado de Leite, in Juiz de Fora city, Minas Gerais estate, Brazil. The larvae were observed three times per day, three days per week. The time taken for the larvae to reach the extremities of the grass was mainly related to the air temperature. In summer, the larvae formed smaller and less active aggregations than in winter. This behavior was considered to be a mechanism to avoid overheating and increase ventilation to save energy. Their horizontal and vertical migrations were considered a behavioral strategy to avoid the direct rays of the sun. | Existem relativamente poucos trabalhos sobre ecologia e comportamento das larvas de Boophilus microplus na pastagem, tendo sido este o principal objetivo do presente trabalho. Foram monitoradas seis repetições no inverno de 1998 e seis no verão de 1998/1999. As larvas foram acondicionadas em 20 seringas plásticas adaptadas e disponibilizadas em pasto constituído pela gramínea Brachiaria decumbens, na Embrapa Gado de Leite, em Juiz de Fora, estado de Minas Gerais, permitindo sua dispersão. Foram realizadas três observações diárias, três vezes por semana. Verificou-se que o tempo que as larvas levam para alcançar as extremidades da gramínea é condicionado principalmente pela temperatura. No verão, as larvas formam agrupamentos menores e menos ativos do que no inverno. Este comportamento sugere minimizar o superaquecimento e aumentar a ventilação, economizando energia. As migrações horizontal e vertical ocorrem como estratégia comportamental contra a ação direta dos raios solares.

The given research results of feeding highly productive cows with new forage supplement of humic-melanoidine nature during the milking period show stable mineral metabolism, correction of their redundant supply within the diet, perfection of digestion and transition into milk as well as minimizing consequences of metabolism intensification. Reception new forage supplement promoted improvement of mastering by an animals organism of necessary iron during the given physiological period, to restriction of mastering of the microelements equal to the category of heavy metals

In the first time has been lead the ecological monitoring of sources of water supply of a pig-breeding complex and adjoining human settlements on seasons of year and to develop a method of improvement of water quality for giving to drink pigs. Scientific novelty consists that for the first time in Belarus ecological monitoring of sources of water supply in the conditions of a pig-breeding complex and human settlements adjoining to it is made. Influence of large pig-breeding object on quality of water of the occluded water sources is studied. It is positioned microbial contamination waters depending on remoteness from cattle-breeding object and a season of year

In the article concept and essence of aquaponic systems for production of ecologically clean agricultural production without waste technologies is set forth. A degree of a level of studies of the given рroblem in the countries of the Europe, America, Australia and other countries is set forth too. The expediency of application of similar systems for fuller use of power resources of plants for production of heat of the electric power, an opportunity of production of agricultural production in urban conditions and on the limited ground areas is proved