Cardiorespiratory effects of abdominal insufflation were evaluated in 8 dogs during isoflurane anesthesia. Each dog was studied 3 times, in 1 of the following orders of insufflation pressures: 10-20-30, 20-30-10, 30-20-10, 10-30-20, 20-10-30, and 30-10-20 mm of Hg. Anesthesia was induced by use of a mask, dogs were intubated, and anesthesia was maintained by isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After instrumentation, baseline values were recorded (time 0), and the abdomen was insufflated with nitrous oxide. Data were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after insufflation. The abdomen was then desufflated, with recording of data continuing at 35 and 40 minutes. Mean arterial pressure increased at 5 minutes during 20 mm of Hg insufflation pressure, and from 20 to 30 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Tidal volume decreased from 5 to 30 minutes during 10 and 20 mm of Hg pressures, and from 5 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Minute ventilation decreased at 10 and 20 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure. End-tidal CO2 concentration increased from 5 to 30 minutes during 20 and 30 mm of Hg pressure. The PaCO2 decreased at 40 minutes during 10 mm of Hg pressure, at 30 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure, and from 10 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Values for pH decreased from 10 to 30 minutes during 20 and 30 mm of Hg pressures. The PaO2 decreased from 20 to 40 minutes during 10 mm of Hg pressure, at 30 minutes during 20 mm of Hg pressure, and from 10 to 40 minutes during 30 mm of Hg pressure. Percentage decrease in tidal volume was greater at 5 and 15 minutes with 30 mm of Hg pressure. Differences in percentage increase in end tidal CO2 concentration were observed among the 3 pressures from 5 to 30 minutes. Although significant, these changes do not preclude use of laparoscopy if insufflation pressure > 20 mm of Hg is avoided.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of metoclopramide to aid passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum of dogs, and to determine whether the effect of metoclopramide is dependent on dose. In a randomized, blinded, complete-block design, 6 healthy dogs were anesthetized, then each was given saline solution or 1 of 4 doses of metoclopramide on different days. The ease of passage of a flexible, fiberoptic gastroscope through the pylorus was assessed independently by 3 endoscopists. Administration of metoclopramide hydrochloride at a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg of body weight, IV, made passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum significantly (P = 0.009) more difficult than when saline solution was administered; however, dosages of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.8 mg of metoclopramide/kg did not (P = 0.489, 0.842, and 0.092 respectively). It was concluded that metoclopramide did not facilitate, and at one dosage hindered, successful passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum of healthy dogs under the conditions of the study. Metoclopramide, therefore, cannot be recommended as an aid for passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum of dogs.

Three laparoscopic procedures were performed on each of 6 adult jersey cows in the first trimester of gestation to describe normal laparoscopic anatomy of the bovine abdomen. Also, a technique for laparoscopy of the cranioventral portion of the abdomen was described. Right paralumbar fossa, left paralumbar fossa, and cranioventral midline laparoscopy were performed 72 hours apart on each cow. Physical examination findings, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and peritoneal fluid analysis before and 72 hours after the first surgery were used to assess the effects of the procedures on the cows. Exploratory celiotomy was performed 2 weeks after the last laparoscopy. The cows were then reexamined 6 weeks after the last procedure. The t-test for paired data was used for statistical analysis; the level of significance was P < 0.05. Laparoscopy was performed without complication in all cows. Adverse effects of laparoscopy, individually or serially, were not observed. Significant differences were not found between CBC, serum biochemical, and peritoneal fluid variables taken before and 72 hours after surgery.

Gastric ulcer accounts for an important cause of abdominal discomfort in young horses. Concerning either the presence or absence of clinical signs and their variations, the lesions location in the gastric mucosa and complications resulting from ulcerative lesions, four clinical syndromes have been described in foals: 1) Asymptomatic or silent ulcers; 2) Symptomatic or active ulcers; 3) Perforated ulcers; and 4) Gastric or duodenal obstruction. With the aim of studying the distribution of lesions (ulcers and/or erosions) and desquamations from the non-glandular epithelium in the gastric mucosa of young horses and a possible relationship between both alterations (lesion/desquamation), sixty Quarter Horse foals without signs of gastric disease underwent gastroscopy. Foals were divided by age in four groups of 15 animals as follows: 1 to 30 days, 31 to 60 days, 61 to 90 days and 91 to 120 days. Lesions were most prevalent in the stratified squamous epithelial mucosa mainly adjacent to the margo plicatus along the greater curvature followed by squamous mucosa next to the cardia along the lesser curvature, glandular and non-glandular fundus and antrum. Regions of the fundus and margo plicatus were similarly affected by desquamations. There was no association between lesions and desquamations occurrence. | A úlcera gástrica figura como uma importante causa de desconforto abdominal em eqüinos jovens. De acordo com a localização das lesões na mucosa gástrica, a presença ou ausência de sinais clínicos e possíveis complicações resultantes de sua ocorrência, quatro síndromes clínicas são freqüentemente descritas em potros: 1) Úlceras assintomáticas ou silenciosas; 2) Úlceras sintomáticas ou ativas; 3) Úlceras perfuradas; e 4) Obstruções gástrica ou duodenal. Com o objetivo de se verificar a distribuição de lesões gástricas (úlceras e/ou erosões) e descamações do epitélio aglandular no estômago de eqüinos jovens assim como uma possível relação entre as alterações mencionadas (lesão/descamação) sessenta potros da raça Quarto de Milha não-portadores de sinais clínicos compatíveis com úlceras gástricas foram submetidos à gastroscopia. Os potros foram divididos em quatro faixas etárias de 15 animais cada uma, sendo: 1 a 30 dias, 31 a 60 dias, 61 a 90 dias e 91 a 120 dias de idade. As lesões ocorreram em ordem decrescente de freqüência nas regiões aglandular próximo ao margo plicatus ao longo da curvatura maior, aglandular próximo à cárdia ao longo da curvatura menor, fundo glandular e aglandular e antro. As descamações do epitélio aglandular ocorreram de forma similar nas regiões de fundo e margo plicatus. Não houve associação entre a ocorrência de lesões e descamações.

<p>The validity of the endoscopic examination as a tool for post-operative evaluation of the oesophagectomy in dogs associated with miotomy was assessed in 25 dogs. The endoscopic examination was performed at the 2nd and at the 44th day after the partial cervical oesophagectomy, then sutured with single layer end-to-end anastomosis, and total transversal miotomy was made 2 cm far from the rostral and caudal suture edge. The endoscopy proved to be a useful tool for the examination of the healing process as well as the complications due to the surgery.</p> | 0 objetivo principal do trabalho foi o de verificar o valor do emprego da endoscopia como método de avaliação pós-cirúrgica, em cães submetidos aesofagectomia cervical parcial, associada a miotomias relaxadoras. Utilizaram-se, para tal, 25 animais que foram submetidos a exame endoscópico entre o 2º e o 44º dia após sofrerem esofagectomia cervical parcial de 4,0 cm de comprimento, anastomose térmico-terminal em plano único de sutura e miotomias transversais totais distantes 2,0 cm cranial e caudalmente ao bordo da sutura. Diante dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a endoscopia permitiu avaliar de maneira clara, segura e pormenorizada, os fenômenos relativos à cicatrização cirúrgica, bem como acompanhar as complicações dos procedimentos cirúrgicos empregados. Mostrou, ainda, ser o exame endoscópico, método rápido, eficaz e seguro, sendo indicado seu emprego na avaliação pós-cirúrgica de esofagectomias cervicais parciais e miotomias relaxadoras transversais em cães.

O presente trabalho descreve a disposição topográfica das vísceras abdominais do eqüino por via laparoscópica, com abordagem mediana ventral, em 3 diferentes vias de acesso: retroxifóide, pré-umbilical e retro-umbilical. Foram realizados 51 exames laparoscópicos, utilizando-se 17 eqüinos, sendo 11 machos e 6 fêmeas, de diferentes raças e idade variando de 18 meses a 24 anos, submetidos a jejum alimentar de 36 horas e hídrico de 12 horas. Os animais foram sedados com acepromazina e para indução ã anestesia foram utilizados éter gliceril guaiacólico, midazolan e cloridrato de quetamina. A manutenção da anestesia foi feita por via inalatória com halotano. Durante o procedimento os animais foram mantidos em decúbito dorsal. Com intuito de melhor observação dos órgãos instaurou-se pneumoperitônio com ar ambiente. Tal abordagem permitiu a observação da cúpula diafragmática, centro frênico, estômago, epiploon, lobos hepáticos, baço, ceco, vários<br />segmentos do cólon maior, cólon menor e intestino delgado, bexiga, útero e anéis ingüinais. Não ocorrera complicações durante os períodos pré, trans e pós-operatórios, demonstrando ser um método seguro de avaliação da cavidade peritoneal, vindo a ser complementar às abordagens já descritas na literatura para laparoscopia diagnostica em eqüinos.<br /> | This study describes the anatomotopographic position of horse abdominal viscera using laparoscopy. Three differents approaches were used: retroxiphoid, preumbilical and retroumbilical. Fifty one laparoscopic examinations were performed in 11 geldings and 6 males of differents breeds, and ages ranging from 18 months old to 24 years old. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency under general anesthesia. Pneumoperitonium was produced using air for a better visualization of the<br />abdominal cavity. This procedure allowed the examination of the diaphragma, stomach, epiplon, liver, spleen, cecum, large colon, small colon, small intestine, urinary bladder, uterus and inguinal rings. This is a safe method to evaluate abdominal cavity and complement the usual procedures in horse diagnostic laparoscopy.<br /><br />

It was evaluated, by endoscopy and using general anesthesia, the upper airway and trachea lesions due to endotracheal intubation after 90 minutes and after 24 hours of the procedure, in 15 dogs. In five animals submitted to cuff pressure of 100 mmHg, it was observed, after 90 minutes, 20% of hyperemia; 80% of the dogs presented no lesion. Twenty-four hours after extubation, it was not found any kind of lesion in all the animals. In the group submitted to a cuff pressure of 150 mmHg,<br />it was verified hyperemia in 20% of the animals after 90 minutes of endotracheal intubation and no abnormality after 24 hours. The third group was submitted to cuff inflated with a random pressure, which was measured afterwards. In this group, it was found 40% of hyperemia, 20% of hematoma, 40% of ulceration and 20% of laceration, 24 hours after the first endoscopic exam. It could be concluded that pressures above 180 mmHg for 90 minutes cause persistent tracheal lesion, as late as 24<br />hours after the extubation; lesion site frequently was exactly the cuff location.<br /> | <p>Avaliou-se, por exame endoscópico sob anestesia geral, em 15 cães, as lesões decorrentes da intubação endotraqueal nas vias aéreas superiores e na traquéia, após 90 minutos e decorridas 24 horas deste procedimento. Nos cinco animais em que o balonete da sonda foi inflado com 100 mmHg observou-se, após 90 minutos, 20% de hiperemia e 80% dos cães sem lesão; após 24 horas da extubação não se constatou nenhum tipo de lesão nesses animais; no grupo em que foi imprimida pressão de 150 mmHg constatou-se 20% de hiperemia aos 90 minutos e nenhuma anormalidade após 24 horas; nos cinco cães em que se inflou o balonete da sonda com pressão aleatória, às cegas, e posteriormente medida, encontrou-se 40% de hiperemia, 20% de hematoma, 20% de ulceração e 20% de escoriação, após 90 minutos de intubação, e 40 % de hematoma, 40% de ulceração e 20% de escoriação, 24 horas depois do primeiro exame endoscópico. Concluiu-se que pressões acima de 180 mmHg, por 90 minutos, causaram lesão persistente na traquéia, até 24 horas após a extubação, e a região acometida foi aquela em que se posicionou o balonete da sonda endotraqueal.</p>