BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is believed to be one of the major causes of tissue damage in aquatic animals exposed to heavy metals. It leads to certain changes in the antioxidant and enzyme system. Given the fact that research on the effect of sub-acute toxicity of silver nitrate in shrimps is not very developed, the present study can be conducive to formulating the international standards of contamination of shrimps with silver nitrate.OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of silver nitrate on the changes in the antioxidant and enzyme systems of hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of Litopenaeus vannamei.METHODS: After acclimatization of shrimps, they were exposed to silver nitrate with concentrations of 0.0084, 0.021, 0.042 and 0.063 mg/L for 21 days. At the end of the experimental period, gill, muscle and hepatopancreas were sampled, and the changes in the antioxidant system (SOD, GPx and GST) and metabolic enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST and LDH) were examined.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in terms of SOD and GST activity in the gill and muscle of the exposed shrimps (P>0.05). However, GPx in treatment 4 increased significantly in gill and muscle while it saw a decrease in hepatopancreas (P<0.05). In hepatopancreas, GST significantly increased in treatments 3 and 4 (P<0.05) whereas SOD did not show any significant changes compared with other treatments (P>0.05). The metabolic enzymes of the muscle did not show any significant differences in any of the treatments (P>0.05), but in gill, the level of ALT in treatment 4 decreased significantly while the levels of AST and LDH in treatment 3 and 4 significantly increased (P<0.05). In hepatopancreas, the activity of ALT in treatments 2 and 4, AST in treatments 3 and 4, and ALP in all treatment except treatment 1 saw significant reduction. Nevertheless, LDH in treatments 3 and 4 had a significant rise (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase in GST and LDH as well as a significant decrease in GPx and ALT, AST and ALP enzymes in the hepatopancreas revealed that the antioxidant and enzyme system of shrimps is further disturbed with the rise in silver nitrate concentration in the hepatopancreas compared to the gill and muscle.

Nutritional risk factors for liver damage were surveyed in Black-Pied French dairy herds using serum glutamic dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase levels to monitor liver dysfunction.The 34 herds chosen were free of parasitic liver injuries. Feeding systems, nutritional blood parameters and production characteristics are analyzed. Two risk factors appeared to be involved in hepatic injury: feeding of fresh rape (Brassica napus) and high levels of serum urea (>/=6.64 mmol/L) associated with grass pasture or dietary nonprotein nitrogen with corn silage

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin C (vit C) and magnesium L-threonate (MgT) on the learning ability and memory of mice intoxicated with lead acetate.

Ontogeny, distributions and relative frequencies of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the proventriculus of the chicken embryos with incubation periods. Samples were taken from 10 groups(10 days of incubation to hatching) and studied by immunogistochemical methods. The findings were as follows. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed from 12 days of incubation in the proventricular glands and after that increased with incubation periods. The first observation time of these cells in the epithelium were at 15 days of incubation in the basal portion but in 16 and 17 days of incubation, no immunoreactive cells were observed in the epithelium but after that a few immunoreactive cells were observed in the basal portion and gastric gland regions. The shpaes of these cells were spherical to spindle in the proventricular glands and spherical to round in the epithlium and gastric gland.

Field infectious bursal disease viruses 9IBDVs) were isolated from IBDV-suspected commercial chickens. The variable region in VP2 gene of six Korean IBDV isolates (K-IBDVs) and IBD vaccines was examined using the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT/PCR-RFLP) assay. With all K-IBDVs and vaccine IBDVs, a 474-bp fragment of the VP2 gene was amplified and tested with various restriction enzymes. Resseriction enzymes BstNI and StyI differentiated K-IBDV isolates and IBD vaccines into four groups. Reseriction enzyme profiles of K-IBDV isolates were different from them of IBD vaccines. K-IBDV isolates except for 310 isolate had specific SspI and TaqI recognition sites, which were recognized in highly virulent IBDVs, but IBD vaccines had no those sites. This study showed that RT/PCR-RFLP assay was thought to be valuable tool for differentiation of IBDVs and identification of highly virulent IBDV.

This study was performed to report the outbreaks of canine intestinal spirochetosis and to characterize the canine isolates. Three canine isolates were weakly beta-hemolytic and had sharp end shape with 5 flagella. Isolates didn't produce indole but fermented fructose. In API-ZYM∨_ study, isolates were alpha-glucosidase negative and alpha-galactosidase positive, which is the typical characteristics of B. pilosicoli. In multilocus enzyme electrophoresis(MEE) study, isolates were divided into 2 electrophoretic types.

Q-fever is a vector-borne (Coxiella [C.] burnetii) zoonotic disease that is an increasing public health concern. To date, some research about Q-fever prevalence in dairy herds and human patients has been reported in Korea, but information about Korean native cattle is scarce. To measure the prevalence rates of C. burnetii in Korean native cattle, a total of 1,095 bovine serum samples collected during 2010~2013 were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sixty-eight heads of cattle were diagnosed as positive and while 19 heads were suspected (positive rate = 6.2%). Interestingly, Jeju province had a seropositivity rate six times greater than that of other provinces (18.9% vs. 3.2%). High seroprevalence might be caused by wide distribution of ticks in Jeju province compared to other regions. Based on these data, extensive monitoring of C. burnetii infection in cattle, tick distribution, and climate changes is required.

To elucidate the involvement of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) in the courseof experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we induced EAE by immunizing rats with an emulsion of rat spinal cord homogenate with complete Freund's adjuvant supplemented with Mycobacterium tuberculosis(H37Ra, 5mg/ml) and then examined the expression of ICE in the spinal cord of rats with EAE. In normal rate spinal cords, ICE is constitutively, but weakly, expressed in ependmal cells, neurons, and some neuroglial cells. In EAE, many inflammatory cells are positive for ICE, and the majority of ICE+ cells were identified as ED1+ macrophages. During this stage of EAE, the number of ICE+ cells in brain cells, including neurons and astrocytes, increased and these cells also had incresed ICE immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that the upregulation of ICE in both brain cells and invading hematogenous cells is stimulated by a secretory product from inflammatory cells, and that this enzyme is involved in the pathogenesis of EAE via the production of IL-1 beta.