An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing plant metabolites like tannin and saponin through Acacia nilotica plant extract on methane mitigation and rumen fermentation characteristics for dairy cattle by in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) in forage based diet. A highly significant (P<0.01) reduction of methane was observed in Acacia nilotica plant extract supplemented groups than their respective controls. The significant (P<0.05) reduction of methane (ml) per 100 mg of truly digested substrate was found in 0.75 ml of Acacia nilotica extract supplemented group than other treatment groups after eliminating the errorinduced by the extractant. The rumen fermentation characteristics viz. ammonia nitrogen, in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD), bacterial and protozoal population was significantly decreased in 0.75 ml and 1.0 ml Acacia nilotica plant extract added groups. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and propionic acid were significantly (P<0.05) increased and acetic acid and acetate to propionate (A/P) ratio were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in 0.75 ml and 1.0 ml Acacia nilotica plant extract added groups than their respective control groups. It was concluded that the methane (ml) per 100 mg of truly digested substrate was significantly decreased at the inclusion level of 3.09 % of tannin and 2.34 % saponin through Acacia nilotica plant extract supplemented group than control.

Mahyaveh, a traditional fermented fish product consumed as condiments in the southern part of Iran. In this study, the effects of the Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus  as starters culture on the chemical and microbial properties of fermented sauce were studied during a 45-days interval. The studied parameters were pH, acidity, crude protein, TVB-N, salt content, biogenic amines (i.e. Histamine and tyramine), halophilic bacteria, LAB, mold and yeast counts. The results showed that pH values and crude protein content were significantly different among the studied groups (p<0.05). The interaction between time and applying starters on significant changes in acidity was observed. The highest amount of TVB-N was measured for the treated group. The amount of histamine and the salt content of the samples decreased over time. There was also a significant difference in the tyramine levels of the samples (p<0.05). The highest count of Halophiles, Bacillus, Mold and Yeast were observed in the control group. The cfu of LAB increased during the time of fermentation process. It can be concluded that the inoculated sauce with L. plantarum and L.starters was more acceptable in terms of chemical and microbial properties compared to the control group.

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli was isolated from 56 dog fecal sample (69.14%) out of 81 collected samples. The antibacterial activity of E. coli isolate was primarily and secondarily screened on sold and liquid media. The results of primary screening showed that 56 isolates had antibacterial activity against tested gram positive and negative standard strains. By secondary screening E. coli isolate was able to produce antimicrobial agent in fermentation media at different incubation conditions, but larger amount of produced antimicrobial agent was obtained at 37Co, 24h, 180rpm by used seed and fermentation media. Different methods were used to determine the purity and to characterize the produced antimicrobial agent physically, chemically and biologically. The results of purity test revealed that the produced antimicrobial agent appeared as pure compound with only one spot in paper chromatography. The result of physical, chemical and biological characterization showed that the produced antimicrobial agent was peptide material with low toxicity 2350mgkg body weight.

Health and ruminal variables were intensively measured during adaptation to grain-based diets in 6 beef cattle with fistulated rumens. The cows had been maintained on prairie grass hay-supplemented diets, and were converted to a grain-based finishing ration by feeding each successive diet (diets 1-4, respectively) for a period of 7 days. Each cow was evaluated and samples were obtained 3 times each day for the first 5 days that each diet was fed. Health variables monitored were rectal temperature, pulse, respiratory and rumen motility rates, fecal consistency, demeanor, blood pH, and blood glucose and L(+) lactate concentrations. Ruminal variables monitored were pH and glucose, DL-lactate, and volatile fatty acid concentrations of rumen contents. Data were analyzed by use of a multivariate ANOVA. We determined that most of the health variables were within reference rang limits throughout the adaptation period; however, analysis of pulse and respiratory rates indicated that diets 2 and 4 were stressful. Although blood pH continually decreased during feeding of the 4 diets (7.38 to 7.30), blood L(+) lactate and glucose concentrations had large increases only within diet 4. The pH of ruminal contents decreased progressively from 6.8 to 5.3. Rumen glucose concentration was low (< 1 micromole/ml), except with diet 4 in which values were 8 times higher than for other diets. By the end of the study, the ruminal contents of all animals were acidic (pH < 5.5), and, on the basis of higher than background amounts of ruminal glucose and DL-lactate, it was determined that rumen microbial equilibrium had not yet been achieved. Analysis of results of this study suggested that ruminal imbalance could be evaluated by monitoring pulse and respiratory rates, blood pH, and blood glucose concentrations. Assessment of the rumen alone could be accomplished by monitoring the variables of rumen pH, rumen glucose, and DL-lactate concentrations. Respiratory rate, blood and rumen content pH, and blood L(+) lactate concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) affected by time after feeding.

Inclusion of lactose in the diets of chickens has been determined to reduce cecal colonization with Salmonella typhimurium. We hypothesized, therefore, that dietary lactose may be a practical means for reducing the prevalence of Salmonella contamination of chicken products. Because some strains of Salmonella are atypical and ferment lactose, we investigated the effects of dietary lactose on cecal colonization with lactose-fermenting S typhimurium. Broiler chicks were inoculated intracloacally with Lac+ S typhimurium selected for resistance to novobiocin and rifampicin. The chicks also were inoculated orally with certain anaerobes that do not effectively inhibit colonization by S typhimurium, but do appear essential for lactose mediated inhibition of cecal colonization. Control chicks were not given dietary lactose, and chicks in the experimental group were fed a diet containing 7% lactose. Enumeration of Lac+ S typhimurium in cecal contents revealed dietary lactose to be effective at controlling this organism. Control was correlated with changes in cecal pH and increases in undissociated volatile fatty acids, especially propionic acid.

We investigated the effect of adding psyllium to a standard electrolyte solution in 10 calves with diarrhea. The calves were tested with the standard solution on one day and standard solution plus psyllium on the alternate day. The order of treatments was randomized. Psyllium converted the solution into mucilage, but did not affect fecal consistency. Mean +/- SEM area under the glucose absorption curve was lower for mucilaginous than for nonmucilaginous solutions, 2.1 +/- 0.62 vs 3.75 +/- 1.18 mmol.h, respectively, but the difference was not significant. The area under the breath hydrogen curve was marginally lower for mucilaginous than nonmucilaginous solutions, 102 +/- 20 and 209 +/- 60 ppm.h, respectively. The usefulness of such decreased bacterial fermentation is doubtful.

The activity of the cellulase enzyme and the content of phytoestrogen (genistein) forming is determined during the fermentation of soybean waste with Aspergullus niger. The analysis is performed at fermentation incubation time of 0, 48, 96, 144 and 192 hours and treatment with addition of micro nutrient (V2) and without micro nutrient (V1). Data analysis on cellulase enzyme activity on phytoestrogen forming material is performed using T test. The average of cellulase content of fermented soybean waste increases from 0.032-0.139 IU / ml (V1) and 0.061-0.158 IU / ml (V2) after 48 hours into 0.238 IU / ml (V1) and 0.245 IU / ml (V2) after 192 hours The average of genestein levels in the fermented soybean waste increases as well from 0.101 - 0.573 mg / g (V1) and 0.114 - 0.587 mg / g (V2) after 48 hours and increase into 0.722 mg / g (V1) and 0.699 mg / g (V2) after 192 hours. Statistical analysis indicates that the treatment of V1 and V2 has an effect on the increase of cellulase enzyme content and genistein level (P 0.05). The correlation between enzyme activity of cellulase and genistein on soybean waste fermented with Aspergillus niger is significant (R2 = 0,949). The relationship between the enzyme performance and its formation material is running synergistic, cellulase enzyme activity and genistein level experience significant increase during the fermentation process.