Snail eggs can be the raw material for the production of a caviar substitute. The substitute varies from the original in caloric value and nutrient content which determine the nutritional value of every foodstuff. The present study aimed to determine and compare the nutritional value and protein quality of eggs from two subspecies of edible snail. The chemical composition of the snail eggs i.e. Cornu aspersum maxima and Cornu aspersum aspersum was determined in accordance with international standards. In order to evaluate the protein quality of the eggs of the two studied snail subspecies, the chemical score (CS), and a reference protein were used. Significant differences in the content of water, ash, and carbohydrates, but comparable protein and fat contents and caloric values were found. The protein in the eggs of the snails was complete by the measure of the model adopted for this study, however, meeting the daily essential amino acid requirements of an adult would require an immense supply of both species’ eggs. Snail eggs of the Cornu genus were characterised by much lower nutritional value in comparison with caviar and caviar substitutes.

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the presence of biogenic amines, particularly histamine, in various food products, discuss the most important factors influencing their accumulation, and address potential toxicity and safe limits in food. Biogenic amines are natural components of animal and plant raw materials, where they are present at concentrations appearing non-harmful to human health. Their increased content in foods results from the activity of endogenous enzymes or from the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids during controlled or spontaneous fermentation, processing, storage, and distribution. General knowledge of biogenic amines, factors favouring their formation and their safe limits in food are useful in preventing exposure to their toxic effects on the human body. Based on this information, appropriate prophylaxis can be applied, which will consist primarily of maintenance of good hygiene standards of raw materials and products, employment of appropriate processing procedures and upkeep of sanitary food storage conditions.

Sunset Yellow FCF (SY), used frequently in ready-made foods, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry, may cause many health problems. This study is intended to evaluate the morphological and cellular effects of SY on the embryonic chicken immune system throughout incubation. Babcock white leghorn eggs were randomly divided into four groups. Besides a control group, there were three treatment groups which received a single injection of 200, 1,000, or 2,000 ng of SY into the air sac just before incubation. The eggs were opened on the 10ᵗʰ, 13ᵗʰ, 16ᵗʰ, and 21ˢᵗ days of incubation. Samples of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were taken from embryos. Serial sections of 5 μm thickness were stained with histological methods and routine histological procedures were performed. An increase in the spleen volume was determined as the hatching time of the chicks approached. The highest eosinophil ratio was found in the SY₁,₀₀₀ and SY₂,₀₀₀ groups (P < 0.05), where the most significant change was developmental retardation in the thymus. In the bursa of Fabricius, there was less lymphocyte accumulation and eosinophilic cell infiltration with increasing doses. It was concluded that in ovo administered SY has undesired effects on embryonic development of the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus, and on spleen volume.

A total of 200 raw food samples including milk, kareish cheese, fresh sausage and hawawshy (spiced minced meat) (Fifty of each) were randomly collected from farmer’s houses, butcher’s shops and retail markets in Beni-Suef Governorate. All were screened for the presence of E.coli O157 and Salmonella. E.coli O157 could be detected in 1 (2%) and 1 (2%) of kareish cheese and sausage samples, respectively, while it could not be detected in any of milk or hawawshy samples. Salmonella were detected in 2 (4%), 2 (4%) and 1 (2%) of kareish cheese, sausage and hawawshy samples, respectively, while they could not be recovered from the examined milk samples. The isolated serotypes from kareish cheese samples were S.menden and S.allerton, while two strains of S.III arizonae were isolated from sausage samples, but S.anatum was recovered from hawawshy samples. The public health significance of isolated strains as well as suggested control measures were discussed.

Salmonella is an important cause of foodborne illnesses in humans. Food-producing animals, including swine, are a major source of Salmonella in food products. This study investigated on farm Salmonella fecal shedding in pigs at different production stages - from weaning to marketing - and its association with the presence of Salmonella in tissues at slaughter. Fourteen groups from 8 commercial farrowing sources (N = 809 pigs) were monitored 5 times from birth to slaughter. Fecal and tissue samples were collected from pigs and cultured for Salmonella. A survey was conducted to collect farm management information. A multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression modelling method was used to analyze Salmonella shedding over time and the association between Salmonella shedding and the presence of Salmonella in tissue samples. Salmonella was recovered from 13% (421/3339) of fecal samples collected from 809 pigs over the course of the study. Overall, 35% (284) of pigs shed Salmonella at least once, while 12% (99) shed more than once. Salmonella shedding increased as pigs aged (P = 0.01) and increased in the summer months (P < 0.01). Salmonella was isolated from tissue samples collected from 23% (134/580) of pigs; however, the presence of Salmonella at slaughter was not associated with on farm shedding. The seasonal trend in Salmonella shedding and its association with age may be used to identify high-risk groups and implement more effective control measures accordingly. The identification of repeat shedders warrants interventions that target this source of infection on swine farms.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there were analyzed high productive traits of meaty calves and cross breeds bred in accordance with a system cow-calf, as well as the possibilities of using veal meat obtained in ecologically safe areas for infant food production. At the age of 6,5-7 months the weight of fresh carcass of bull-calves of sharolez breed in comparison with aberdin-angus х black-motley herdmates was on 41,6 kg (Р less than 0,001) higher, carcass yield and slaughter yield – on 13,8% (Р less than 0,001) and 13,6% (Р less than 0,001), respectively. The fat content in sharolez meat was 4,9% against 8,9%; protein - 21,9% against 18,8%. The black-motley suckling bull-calves surpassed their herdmates which were grown up by technology of dairy cattle breeding at the age of 6-6,5 months according to indexes of weight of fresh carcass - on 16,3 kg or 21,7% (Р less than 0,01); according to indexes in a slaughter yield - on 16,6% (Р less than 0,001); and according to indexes meat flesh in a carcass - on 1,5%. According to quality indexes, amino acid structure, acceptable concentration of toxic elements content, pesticides, antibiotics, radionuclides and other harmful substances the veal meat of calves which were bred on a system a cow-calve in ecologically pure zones proved to be important meat raw materials to produce infant food products.