Granulomas are masses of tissue reaction resulted as well from of infection, inflammation or presence of foreign bodies. The present study was conducted to investigate the gross and histopathological features of granulomas of unknown etiology.Twenty seven cases of granulomas were collected from the lung of sheep and goats. The gross lesions of granulomas were small to large nodules, white to gray in color, and hard in palpation. Histopathologically, all granulomas were undergone caseous necrosis which surrounded by inflammatory zone and most importantly presence of multinucleated giant cells. This study differentiates the granulomas from other lung lesions based on gross and histopathological finding.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of laser treatment on incisional wound healing in ball pythons (Python regius). ANIMALS 6 healthy adult ball pythons. PROCEDURES Snakes were sedated, a skin biopsy specimen was collected for histologic examination, and eight 2-cm skin incisions were made in each snake; each incision was closed with staples (day 0). Gross evaluation of all incision sites was performed daily for 30 days, and a wound score was assigned. Four incisions of each snake were treated (5 J/cm2 and a wavelength of 980 nm on a continuous wave sequence) by use of a class 4 laser once daily for 7 consecutive days; the other 4 incisions were not treated. Two excisional skin biopsy specimens (1 control and 1 treatment) were collected from each snake on days 2, 7, 14, and 30 and evaluated microscopically. Scores were assigned for total inflammation, degree of fibrosis, and collagen maturity. Generalized linear models were used to investigate the effect of treatment on each variable. RESULTS Wound scores for laser-treated incisions were significantly better than scores for control incisions on day 2 but not at other time points. There were no significant differences in necrosis, fibroplasia, inflammation, granuloma formation, or bacterial contamination between control and treatment groups. Collagen maturity was significantly better for the laser-treated incisions on day 14. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Laser treatment resulted in a significant increase in collagen maturity at day 14 but did not otherwise significantly improve healing of skin incisions.

A rabbit serosal scarification model was utilized to compare the ability of four drugs, previously administered peri-operatively to horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy, to prevent the development of postoperative intestinal adhesions. The substances compared were 32% Dextran 70 (7 mL/kg), 1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (7 mL/kg), trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (30 mg/kg), and flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg). The first two were administered intra-abdominally following surgery, while the latter two were administered systemically in the peri-operative period. Fibrous adhesions were evident in all animals in the untreated serosal scarification group. No significant difference in the number of animals with adhesions was found between the untreated control group and any treatment group, nor among the treatment groups. Microscopic examination of adhesions collected at postmortem examination revealed fibers consistent with cotton, surrounded by a giant-cell reaction and ongoing acute inflammation. The source of the fibers was likely the cotton laparotomy sponges used to scarify the intestinal surface, since the pattern in the granuloma and sponge fibers appeared similar under polarized light. Though consistent intestinal adhesion formation was produced in the rabbit, the presence of foreign body granulomas may prevent consideration of this model for future research. The drugs tested were ineffective in preventing the formation of postoperative small intestinal adhesions in this model.

Two 2.5-cm2 full-thickness skin wounds were created surgically over the lateral aspect of the cannon bone of each limb of 6 horses (n = 48 wounds). Dressings evaluated were a nonadherent gauze pad (group 1); a synthetic semiocclusive dressing, (group 2); equine amnion (group 3); and a synthetic fully occlusive dressing (group 4). Wounds were assessed subjectively at each dressing change, and total wound area, area of granulation tissue, and area of epithelium in each wound were determined by computerized digital analysis of photographs of the wounds. Complete healing time (wound covered by epithelium) also was determined for each wound. Statistical comparisons were made, using Kruskal-Wallis analysis and a Mann-Whitney U test. Median time to complete healing was: group 1, 53 days; group 2, 71 days; group 3, 63 days; and group 4, 113 days. Time to complete healing was significantly longer for wounds of group-4 horses than all other groups, and wounds of group-1 horses healed faster than did those of group-2 horses (P < 0.05). Wounds in group-4 horses required significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) more excisions of granulation tissue (median, 11.5 times) than did those in group-1 (median, 3.5), group-2 (median, 5.5) or group-3 (median, 2.5) horses. Epithelial tissue was detected later in wounds of group-4 horses (median, 27 days) than in wounds of horses in groups 1, 2 or 3 (median, 17 days); however, this difference was not statistically significant. Significant differences were not found for percentage of healing attributable to wound contraction or epithelialization. Use of synthetic semiocclusive and fully occlusive dressings resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged healing and production of excess wound exudate, compared with control wounds. In this model, occlusion of wounds was not beneficial for healing of full-thickness skin wounds of the distal portion of the limbs of horses.

Toxocara canis, cynomolgus macaques (exper.), visceral larva migrans, hematologic and serologic changes, neurologic signs, diminished growth rates, diagnostic antibody titers in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, severe granulomatous hepatitis and encephalomyelitis, no ocular lesions, basis for clinical interpretation and diagnosis in humans

A three years old male Jackass penguin(Spheniscus demersus) showed anorexia, depression, respiratory problem for a few days, followed by clinical treatment for 20 days resulted in death. Grossly, multiple white nodules measuring 2~3 mm in diameter were observed in the surface of and inside lung, liver, kidney, thoracic wall. Microscopically, granuloma formations were observed in the lung and liver. The margin of granuloma surrounded by connective tissue barrier and infiltrated lymphocytes, and also observed giant cell near the granuloma.

TVT, also known as infectious sarcoma, venereal granuloma, transmissible lymphosarcoma or sticker tumour is a benign reticuloendothelial tumour that affects particularly mucosa of external genital organs and rarely internal genital organs in dogs of both genders. TVT is usually transmitted by coitus but also can be transmitted by licking, sniffing, biting,and scrabbling of the tumour affected area or through damaged skin of mucosa. Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) is usually observed in stray animals live in tropical and subtropical lands. The affected animals are usually within 9-13 months of age and with high sexual activity. Tumour is frequently located in posterior vagina and vestibulovaginal junction. The averagechromosome count of TVT cells is 59 (57- 64). TVT specific antibodies were found in blood samples of affected animalswhich suggest that they may have a role in natural regression mechanism. The primary objective of tumour treatment is total elimination by surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Controlling of the disease is very difficult because stray dogs are carriers.

In an experimental study was designed to evaluate the immunopathological effect of sensitized Mycobacterium bovis transfer factor in guinea pigs organs against challenge infection with these microorganisms. The results of this study were showed the followings: 1: Transfer factor recipient group:It was showed an early aggregations of macrophages and lymphocytes (early granuloma) in lungs and liver and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and macrophages proliferation in the paracortical region of mediastinal lymph node and in periarteriolar sheath areas in the white pulps of the spleen (T cell regions).These early granulomas were persisted during 2" and 4h week postinocultation and slightly decreased and disappeared during the 6h and 8h weeks postinoculation respectively. 2:Group of infection with Mycobacterium bovis:It was showed on extensive tubercuclous granutomatous lesions in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and in the mediastinal and hepatic lymph nodes.The lesions were initiated at 2nd week postinoculation and it gradually developed into extensive tuberculous granuloma with central caseation, during the 4h and 6h weeks postinoculation.These lesions were persisted and continued during 8h week postinoculation. Two animals died at 7h week postinoculation due to generalized tuberculosis. 3:Transfer factor recipient group and challenged with Mycobacterium bovis. It was showed a well developed granulomatous reactions in the lungs, liver, spleen and mediastinal and hepatic lymph nodes. These granulomas consisted of aggregation of epitheliod cells, lymphocytes and few giant cells without caseastion. These granulomas were initated during the 2' week and gradually increased in size in the 4h week and decreased at 6h week and completely disappeared during the 8th week postinoculation. No animals were died in this group. 4: Control group:It was showed neither morphological and nor histological lesions in the body organs.

At an abattoir, lesion specimens from 140 condemned sheep livers were collected for bacteriologic culture and for pathologic examination. Grossly, 23 lesions were abscesses; from 9 of which, Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A (3 in pure culture and 6 in mixed culture) was isolated and from 14 of which, biovar B (6 in pure culture and 8 in mixed culture) was isolated. Escherichia coli was the predominant facultative anaerobic bacterium and Clostridium perfringens was the predominant obligate anaerobic bacterium isolated from the 14 lesions with mixed bacterial infection. Histologically, these lesions had a core of coagulation necrosis, encircled by a zone of necrotic phagocytic cells and bacteria with cellular characteristics of F necrophorum biovars A or B, and a connective tissue capsule. Of the 117 lesions without F necrophorum, 49 were culture-positive (for other organisms) and 69 were culture-negative. These 117 lesions were fibrous and were smaller than the 23 abscesses. A variety of gram-positive and gram-negative facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria was isolated from the culture-positive lesions, but always in low numbers. Eleven culture-negative and 18 culture-positive lesions were examined and had histologic characteristics of parasite-induced granulomas, with numerous eosinophils and epithelioid giant cells. Results of the study indicated that the histologic appearance of ovine hepatic lesions with F necrophorum was similar to bovine liver abscesses caused by F necrophorum, but unlike bovine liver abscesses, F necrophorum biovar B was isolated more frequently than was biovar A and often in pure culture. Most of the lesions in the condemned livers were parasite-induced granulomas.