BACKGROUND: Hemolytic anemia and resultant hypoxia can cause a dysfunction in the body functions. Iron delivered from hemolysis of erythrocytes can also stimulate oxidative stress. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of crocin on renal quality in animals that were exposed against hemolytic anemia induced by phenilhydrazine. METHODS: Forty-nine male and adult mice (20 – 25 g) were grouped within 7 groups. First group was control and treated with normal saline, and test groups were nominated as 2, 3, and 4 and were treated with phenyl hydrazine 2, 4, and 6 mg/100g/48 h (i.p.). Animals in groups 5, 6, and 7 were treated with crocin (200 mg/k/day, i.p.) in addition of 2, 4, and 6 mg/100g/48 h phenyl hydrazine. After 35 days, the blood samples were collected directly from the heart and after centrifugation (5 min and 3000 rpm), the serum samples were subjected to evaluate the Malondialehyde (MAD) level and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and renal were fixed in 10% formal saline for Paraffin sections. After tissue processing sample staining with H&amp;E method. RESULTS: This study showed that hemolytic anemia effects in proximal tubule of renal cortex, elso showed that the phenylhydrazine administration resulted in a dose-dependent declining of TAC and the crocin administration slightly was able to protect from TAC reduction. Moreover, PHN increased MDA level in serum in a dose-dependent manner, while co-administration of crocin with PHN significantly (P<0.05) reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation.while those groups which were treated with crocin showed a remarkable improvement in testis parameters. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a protective effect of Crocin against the anemia-related hypoxia on renal parameters. The protective capacity of Crocin might relate to its known antioxidant power.

This study reports the detection and genotyping of the first clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group (BATOG) in non-grazed dairy cow in upper Korea. Blood and serum tests revealed anemia and hyperbilirubinemia from animal showing clinical symptoms, and later confirmed as piroplasmosis-positive. Follow-up surveillance on the herd revealed 2 asymptomatic cows with anemia. The three animals were confirmed theileriosis-positive and genotyping revealed the clinical and one of the asymptomatic cases have Chitose, while the other has Ikeda genotype. Clinical BATOG cases were rarely reported worldwide, and asymptomatic animals left untreated could serve as parasite reservoir.

The effects of canine parvovirus (CPV) infection in dogs with hemolytic anemia was compared with the clinical effects of human parvovirus-induced aplastic anemia in human beings with chronic regenerative anemias. Phenylhydrazine was used to induce a transient, severe, hemolytic anemia in dogs to evaluate the effects of CPV infection on rapidly dividing bone marrow precursors. Erythrocyte colony-forming unit bone marrow cultures and cytologic examination of bone marrow were used to determine the effects of CPV infection on erythroid bone marrow precursors. The induced hemolytic anemia regenerated rapidly and although the bone marrow was infected, it was determined that CPV infection did not induce a detectable decrease in erythroid progenitors in dogs with severe hemolytic anemia.

Three Beagles with chronic anemia and reticulocytosis were studied. The dogs originated from a large breeding colony and appeared clinically normal with the exception of splenomegaly. The PCV ranged from 30 to 39% (normal, 46 to 56%), with reticulocyte indices of 2.3 to 9.9. Red blood cells were morphologically normal, and examination of marrow aspirates revealed erythroid hyperplasia. Shortened chromium-51 RBC life-spans (7.2 to 15.4 days in anemic dogs; 22.2 to 25.2 days in control dogs) documented a hemolytic anemia. Acquired causes of hemolytic anemia were ruled out. Red blood cells had normal glycolytic enzyme activities, no evidence of unstable or abnormal hemoglobin, and had altered osmotic fragility curves. The breeding of 2 anemic dogs resulted in off-spring with anemia and reticulocytosis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no abnormalities in RBC membrane cytoskeletal proteins in all anemic adult dogs and in 3 offspring.

Eight ponies were allotted to 2 groups of 4. Group-1 ponies (1-4) were given 0.2 g of indole/kg of body weight orally and group-2 ponies (5 to 8) were given 0.1 g of indole/kg. Various physical, hematologic, and physiologic measurements were obtained after administration of indole. Intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria were detected in both groups within 24 hours of dosing. Hemolysis was reflected by decreases in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count, and an increase in indirect bilirubin. Erythrocyte fragility appeared to increase in both groups at 8 hours after dosing and peaked at 16 hours after dosing. At 72 hours after dosing, the RBC fragility value was less than predose measurements. Heinz body formation was noticed in group-2 ponies, but not in group 1. Plasma indole concentrations increased in both groups from the nondetectable predose concentrations. Group-1 values were 203% of group-2 values. In group 2, plasma indole was nondetectable by 12 hours, whereas low concentrations could still be measured in the group-1 ponies at 24 hours. Ponies in group 1 died or were euthanatized between 24 and 72 hours after dosing, whereas group-2 ponies were euthanatized between 48 and 120 hours. At necropsy, all body fat, mucous membranes, and elastic tissue were stained yellow. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis was the most prominent microscopic lesion. Results of this study indicated that indole, a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, causes acute intravascular hemolysis in ponies.

Hypophosphatemia was induced in 2 cows by reducing phosphorus content in their feed after parturition. Serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) values decreased to 1 mg/dl within 10 days after parturition; and RBC adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and reduced glutathione values decreased to 50 and 70% of baseline values, respectively. Methemoglobin concentration was moderately higher than normal. These changes preceded the onset of hemolysis, and anemia progressed with decreases in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC counts. Serum Pi resumed its normal value when anemia was most severe. This RBC disorder was confirmed to be characteristic of hemolytic anemia in cows resulting from hypophosphatemia. The RBC glycolytic intermediates, totaal trisoe phosphate (combined glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate content) and fructose-1, 6-diphosphate, greatly increased in vivo and in vitro with decreases in serum or plasma Pi and RBC ATP. From our results, we concluded that inadequate Pi in the plasma impairs the function and viability of RBC by hindering the production of ATP via disturbance of reactions at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase step.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (pANCA) in dogs with confirmed or suspected immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) or dogs infected with various vector-borne pathogens, including Rickettsia rickettsii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum. Animals: 55 dogs with confirmed or suspected IMHA, 140 dogs seroreactive for vector-borne pathogens, and 62 healthy dogs and dogs seronegative for vector-borne pathogens. Procedures: Samples were allocated to subgroups on the basis of the health status of the dogs and the degree of seroreactivity against various vector-borne pathogens. Serum samples were tested retrospectively via indirect immunofluorescence assay to determine pANCA status. Results: 26 of 55 (47%) dogs with confirmed or suspected IMHA and 67 of 140 (48%) dogs seroreactive for vector-borne pathogens had positive results when tested for pANCA. Serum samples with the highest antibody concentrations against L infantum antigen had the highest proportion (28/43 [65%]) that were positive for pANCA. One of 20 (5%) dogs seronegative for tick-borne pathogens and 8 of 22 (36%) dogs seronegative for L infantum had positive results for pANCA. One of 20 (5%) healthy dogs had serum antibodies against pANCA. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: pANCA were detected in a high percentage of dogs with IMHA and vector-borne infectious diseases. Therefore, pANCA may be a relatively nonspecific marker for dogs with inflammatory bowel disease, although they could represent a biomarker for immune-mediated diseases and infections.

Detection of autoantibody, complement, or both bound to RBC is an essential requirement for unequivocal diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs. An enzyme-linked antiglobulin test was adapted for laboratory diagnosis of this disease. The refinement and routine use of this assay have allowed further observation of the pathogenesis of the disease process. In particular, degree of hemolysis can be related to the degree of RBC sensitization associated with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, and this correlation is highest for IgG autoantibody. Results indicate that autoantibody isotype might have an important role in the hemolytic process.

Red blood cell populations separated by density centrifugation were compared in a dynamic assay of osmotic stress. Red blood cells from Beagles genotypically normal and nonanemic (nonaffected), Beagles with inherited hemolytic anemia (anemic), and Beagles presumed to be carriers of the anemia trait (trait carriers) were examined for rate and extent of swelling after exposure to the ionophore A23187 in a medium containing calcium and potassium chloride. Comparisons were made between RBC populations separated on the basis of density. Significant differences were observed in the rates of cell swelling in Rbc populations separated by density between nonaffected and anemic Beagles. The response of RBC from Beagles presumed to carry the anemia trait was similar to that of RBC from nonaffected dogs. One phenotypic expression of this inherited abnormality of Rbc in Beagles was an accelerated rate of RBC swelling under osmotic stress, and this swelling response diminished with increasing RBC density.

The hematologic and pathologic effects of orally administered L-tryptophan and indoleactic acid and of L-tryptophan administered IV were studied in ponies. Sixteen adult Shetland ponies were allotted into 4 experimental groups. Group 1 consisted of 5 ponies (1-5) given 0.6 g of tryptophan/kg of body weight in a water slurry via stomach tube. Group 2 included 4 ponies (6-9) given 0.35 g of tryptophan/kg orally. Group-3 ponies (10-13) were given 0.35 g of indoleacetic acid/kg orally. Group 4 consisted of 3 ponies (14-16) given a single 4-hour IV infusion of 0.1 g of tryptophan/kg. Restlessness, increased respiratory rate, hemolysis, and hemoglobinuria were detected in 4 of the 5 group-1 ponies. Only pony 7 in group 2 developed hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and a significant increase in respiratory rate. Renal pathologic lesions, consistent with hemoglobinuric nephrosis, were seen in ponies 2, 4, 5, and 7. Bronchiolar degeneration was evident in 4 of 9 ponies given tryptophan orally. The importance of these respiratory lesions was unknown. Clinical or pathologic abnormalities were not noticed in the ponies of groups 3 and 4. Mean plasma tryptophan values increased significantly in groups 1 and 2 at 6 hours after dosing. A second peak of tryptophan was detected in both groups at 12 hours. Values returned to predose values by 48 hours. Plasma indole and 3-methylindole concentrations were detectable in only 2 ponies (4 and 7). In vitro incubations of cecal fluid from ponies 6, 8, and 9 yielded a percentage conversion of tryptophan to indole of 16.75%, 5.84%, and 7.96%, respectively. 3-Methylindole was not produced. These results suggested that indole was the major metabolite of orally administered tryptophan in these ponies.