Chlortetracycline (CTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline group of drugs. It is commonly used in the poultry industry for the treatment of bacterial infections and is also used as a growth promoter. This study was aimed at validating the sensitive HPLC method for the assay of CTC in chicken plasma. The method consisted of isocratic elution with separation using a C]8 column. The mobile phase used in the study was aqueous oxalic acid (0.03M), acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio of 60:30:10. The HPLC conditions included a flow rate of Iml/min with UVdetection at 375nm. CTC in chicken plasma was extracted with Mcllvaine buffer followed by dilution with water in the ratio of 1:1 andfiltered using 0.22p filters. The peak of chlortetracycline was noticed at 5-6 minis. The method was linear from 0.05mg/ml to 10mg/ml. The recovery percentage from plasma was recorded as 110%. Thus, from this study it is inferred that this method is optimal for the assay of CTC in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies.

Ceftizoxime is the third generation cephalosporin, extensively used in veterinary medicine. It has larger volume of distribution, good penetration into tissues, and useful for the treatment of mastitis which is resistant to other antibiotics. Keeping in view of generating pharmacokinetic data of ceftizoxime in different domestic animals, the present study was planned to investigate pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime in goats (n = 6) at the dose rate of 10mg kg-1 body weight following single dose intravenous administration. Drug concentration in plasma was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector. The values of Cmax, AUC and MRT were 44.40 ± 2.09 µg ml-1, 121.22 ± 15.40µg.h.ml-1 and 11.44 ± 1.30 h, respectively. The longer elimination half-life (8.92 ± 1.11h) along with smaller ClB (0.09 ± 0.01 Lh-1 kg-1) showed slower excretion of the drug from animal body. 

The present study was undertaken to detect residues of Tetracycline in marketed pork using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) System and a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. 300 samples of marketed pork were collected for the study. The samples after collection were preserved at -20°C. Analyses of the samples using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV-Vis Detector were done as per the method of Oka et al., 1985 while analyses of the same samples using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer were done as per the method of Yongnianian et al, 2010. Recovery ranged from 85-93% (HPLC) and 68-83% (Spectrophotometer). Out of the tested samples, 4 samples were detected to be positive for trace residues of tetracycline using Spectrophotometer while 6 samples were detected for tetracycline residues using HPLC method which were well below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) value. The method of HPLC is more sensitive than the Spectrophotometric one. Thus, the HPLC method is useful for monitoring of tetracycline residues in pork. 

Ceftizoxime is the third generation cephalosporin, extensively used in veterinary medicine. It has larger volume of distribution, good penetration into tissues, and useful for the treatment of mastitis which is resistant to other antibiotics. Keeping in view of generating pharmacokinetic data of ceftizoxime in different domestic animals, the present study was planned to investigate pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime in goats (n = 6) at the dose rate of 10mg kg-1 body weight following single dose intravenous administration. Drug concentration in plasma was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector. The values of Cmax, AUC and MRT were 44.40 ± 2.09 µg ml-1, 121.22 ± 15.40µg.h.ml-1 and 11.44 ± 1.30 h, respectively. The longer elimination half-life (8.92 ± 1.11h) along with smaller ClB (0.09 ± 0.01 Lh-1 kg-1) showed slower excretion of the drug from animal body. 

Composite cattle feed samples and raw materials like maize, wheat, sorghum, broken rice, pearl millet, groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, mustard cake, soyabean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, guar meal, safflower meal, deoiled rice bran and wheat bran were collected from various parts of India for a period 5 years and evaluated for aflatoxin B1 level by screening through ELISA and confirmation through HPLC. Among the 482 composite cattle feed samples, only 68.5per cent were having aflatoxin Bilevel below the permissible level (below 20 ppb). Higher incidence of aflatoxin B1 was recorded in west zone than east, north and south zones during monsoon period. However, it was observed that incidence of aflatoxin B1 at concentration beyond 100ppb was relatively higher in eastern zone both during monsoon and non-monsoon period than the west, north and south zones. Among the energy source, maize had the highest (7.8 per cent, 15 out of 193 samples tested) prevalence of alarming levels of aflatoxin (>100ppb) and 41.5 per cent (80 samples) in the range of 21 to 100 ppb of aflatoxin B1. Only 50.8 per cent (98 samples) were within permissible level (<20 ppb). It was observed that the presence of aflatoxin Biwas more in maize during monsoon in south zone. Only 47.2 per cent of groundnut cake (118 samples) were within permissible level of <20 ppb of aflatoxin B1. In west zone, highest sample profile (15.18per cent) and zone-wise distribution of 45.45per cent was recorded in the samples of groundnut cake having aflatoxin B1 at alarmingly high level of more than 100 ppb. Overall data reveals that monsoon favours development of aflatoxin B1 more during monsoon.

Chlortetracycline (CTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline group of drugs. It is commonly used in the poultry industry for the treatment of bacterial infections and is also used as a growth promoter. This study was aimed at validating the sensitive HPLC method for the assay of CTC in chicken plasma. The method consisted of isocratic elution with separation using a C]8 column. The mobile phase used in the study was aqueous oxalic acid (0.03M), acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio of 60:30:10. The HPLC conditions included a flow rate of Iml/min with UVdetection at 375nm. CTC in chicken plasma was extracted with Mcllvaine buffer followed by dilution with water in the ratio of 1:1 andfiltered using 0.22p filters. The peak of chlortetracycline was noticed at 5-6 minis. The method was linear from 0.05mg/ml to 10mg/ml. The recovery percentage from plasma was recorded as 110%. Thus, from this study it is inferred that this method is optimal for the assay of CTC in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies.

The present study was undertaken to detect residues of Tetracycline in marketed pork using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) System and a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. 300 samples of marketed pork were collected for the study. The samples after collection were preserved at -20°C. Analyses of the samples using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV-Vis Detector were done as per the method of Oka et al., 1985 while analyses of the same samples using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer were done as per the method of Yongnianian et al, 2010. Recovery ranged from 85-93% (HPLC) and 68-83% (Spectrophotometer). Out of the tested samples, 4 samples were detected to be positive for trace residues of tetracycline using Spectrophotometer while 6 samples were detected for tetracycline residues using HPLC method which were well below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) value. The method of HPLC is more sensitive than the Spectrophotometric one. Thus, the HPLC method is useful for monitoring of tetracycline residues in pork. 

In Iraq, due to the government’s lack of control over antibiotic use by the aquaculture farmers, random use of antibiotic is prominent, especially Oxytetracycline (OTC). Oxytetracycline is a potent antibiotic used in aquaculture industries because it is easily obtained, inexpensive, and effective against bacterial diseases. The present study aimed at quantifying and comparing the amount of OTC residue in the two most consumed muscles, dorsal and caudal skeletal muscles, of farmed common carp fish ‘Cyprinus carpio’ by the Sulaymaniyah population. Samples of caudal and dorsal skeletal muscles of 54 (for each muscle type 27) carp fish were taken randomly from 9 large aquaculture ponds, which were composed of one or more earthen ponds, in Qaladze and Taqtaq areas near Sulaymaniyah Province/Iraq. The OTC residue was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two-tailed, unpaired t test analysis of the results was performed by GraphPad Prism software to compare between the residue levels in the two regions of the skeletal muscles. Twenty-eight samples had OTC residue detected in them, while residues in twenty-six samples were not detectable, only two of the caudal skeletal muscle samples had residues that exceeded the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL), while all the dorsal muscles with OTC residues revealed lower levels than the set MRL. The present study revealed that there was OTC residues in common carp, and different muscles have OTC residues regardless of their location in the common carp’s body. In addition, a specific MRL level and a legal regulation by the Iraqi government must be set to keep OTC use for the farms and residue levels in the fish meat under control.

Measurement uncertainty could play an important role in the assessment of test results in laboratories and industries. We investigated measurement uncertainties possibly included in determination of flubendazole, a benzimidazole anthelmintic, in pork by HPLC. The concentration of flubendazole was 62.69 ng/g in a sample of pork. Uncertainty was estimated in the analytical procedure of flubendazole. A model equation was made for determination of flubendazole in pork. The four uncertainty components such as weight of sample, volume of sample, calibration curve, and recovery were selected to estimate measurement uncertainties.