Poultry layer houses are mostly open house system that generally faced with flies and odour and has become nuisance factors to society and the environment. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of applying EM in controlling pollutant gas emission at poultry layer house. A commercial poultry layer farmwas selected. Two treatments were carried out, the control without any application of microorganisms and the treated group with commercial microorganism application. Atmospheric ammonia and hydrogen sulphide were measured using a special instrument called ‘multi-gas detector’. The levels of ammonia and hydrogensulphide were measured twice a week. Odour production cannot be completely prevented on a farm. Therefore, most odour control methods are designed to keep or dissipate odours within the farm boundary, thus minimising odour complaints from surrounding neighbours. This paper reports that applying of effective microorganisms into the manure showed some positive influence in controlling atmospheric ammonia levels.

Rice straw and oil palm empty fruit bunch were treated with urea
and commercial effective microorganisms to study their ability to breakdown fibres, improved in protein and energy values. In rice straw, the crude protein and crude fibre treated with urea and urea + effective microorganisms showed significant differences from the untreated control. The neutral detergent fibre and nitrogen free
extract values in the rice straw treatment did not show significant differences. Metabolizable energy values decreased with the treatment groups compared to the control. The results of keeping the treated rice straw in anaerobic plastic bags up to 30 days showed no significant breakdown of fibre components in the control and urea
treated groups. But there is a significant dropped in the neutral detergent fibre in urea + effective microorganisms treatment.
In oil palm empty fruit bunch, there were no significant differences seen in the crude protein, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, nitrogen free extract and metabolisable energy values. Storage showed decreased in energy values in all treated groups. The addition of urea and microbes showed improved protein level and in the reduction of the fibre components in rice straw only. Keywords: rice straw, oil palm empty fruit bunch, urea, effective microorganisms, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral
detergent fibre, metabolisable energy.

A primary fibroblast cells from embryos of brown quail Coturnixypsilophora has been established and partially characterized. The cells were maintained in Modified Eagle’s medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were able to grow at temperatures between 35°C and 38°C with optimum temperature of 37°C. The growth rate of primary quail fibroblast cells increased as the FBS proportion increased from 5% to 20% at 37°C with optimum growth at the concentrations of 10% or 15% FBS. The cells showed no microbial contamination throughout the period of experiment and the total chromosome number of a diploid cell was 78, according to karyotyping and chromosome analysis. The susceptibility of quail primary cells for avian viruses was investigated in this study after inoculation with ND and IB viruses. Both viruses showed a satisfactory CPE development and the infectivity were assayed by virus titration (TCID50). This suggests that the quail primary cells can be used for isolation of various avian viruses with further steps of infectivity confirmation in the future.