BACKGROUND: As the population grows, there is further need to food, and fish is not an exception. Several fish species are potential sources of common parasites between humans and fish. One of the important diseases common between human and fish is Anisakiasis. The parasitic agent of this disease is the larval stage of the Anisakid family nematodes, including Pseudoterranova and Anisakis.OBJECTIVES: In this study, Epinephelus fish, one of the edible and commercial valuable fishes of the Oman Sea, was examined for the presence of nematodes of the Anizakidae family.METHODS: Fifteen out of the 26 specimens were infected with Nematodes. Nematodes were isolated from fish abdominal area. For morphological study, each nematode sample was first clarified with lactophenol. Subsequently, it was examined using an optical microscope. After morphological examination of these nematodes, DNA extraction was performed. Using primers related to a part of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1), PCR products were 710 bp for PCR reaction. Finally, the amplified fragment was sequenced.RESULTS: The larvae were about 1 to 3 cm long, white, and often twisted. At the anterior end of the parasite, a button was seen, and in some larvae, a terminal spine was observed. In certain larvae, a small abdomen at the end of the esophagus can be seen. Out of the obtained 26 nematode specimens, eight Anisakis specimens were identified following morphological analysis. These specimens had terminal spines and three anterior lips. After sequencing, Pseudoterranova nematode was identified to belong to aniakidae family. Separate clad tree showed paraphylitic for isolated Pseudoterranova.CONCLUSIONS: Morphological examination categorized isolated larvae as the Anizakidae family. Other molecular results of this nematode showed Pseudoterranova krabbei. The results of sequencing this parasite were recorded in the gene bank under the Accession number: MK317965. This nematode was initially isolated from the Oman Sea Epinephelus fish.

A controlled anthelmintic trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of febantel paste (45.5%) at dosages of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg/kg in calves harboring natural gastrointestinal nematode infections. Dosages of 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg of febantel/kg of body weight were greater than 96% effective in removing adults of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia spp, Cooperia spp, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. The 2.5 mg/kg dosage was considered suboptimal because of low efficacy against Ostertagia and Cooperia spp. Efficacies against Trichostrongylus axei, Trichuris spp, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Strongyloides papillosus were difficult to determine because fewer numbers of these nematodes were recovered. Efficacies of febantel paste against immature bovine parasites ranged from 83.62% to 97.72%.

Twenty-one mixed-breed pony foals, reared and maintained under parasite-free conditions, were used to test the efficacy of ivermectin in oral drench and paste formulations (200 microgram/kg) against 11-day-old migrating larvae of Parascaris equorum. Three replicates of 4 foals and 3 replicates of 3 foals were formed on the basis of age. Foals in replicates of 4 were randomly allocated to be indicators, or to receive vehicle (control) or ivermectin paste or ivermectin liquid. Foals in replicates of 3 were randomly allocated to receive vehicle or ivermectin paste or ivermectin liquid. The recovery of larvae from the lungs, liver, and small intestines of the indicator foals showed that 99.9% of the larvae were in the lungs 11 days after inoculation (day 0 of treatment). The recoveries of larvae from lungs and small intestines of controls at 25 days after inoculation indicated that all larvae had migrated to the small intestine by this time. The mean length of larvae recovered from the lungs (11 days after inoculation) was 0.87 mm; the mean length of those recovered from the small intestine (25 days after inoculation) was 3.65 mm. Using larvae recovered from small intestinal contents for calculations, ivermectin in both formulations was 100% effective against 11-day P equorum (P less than 0.01, compared with control group geometric mean of 1498.4).

Two groups of 21 mixed-breed heifers were wintered on separate permanent pastures. Each heifer from one group was administered a sustained-release morantel bolus on October 7 (day 0), and the other group remained as untreated controls. Body weights were determined and fecal samples were taken at 28-day intervals. At the onset of the trial and at every 56 days, 6 heifers were removed from each group for slaughter to determine the developmental stages and the number of gastrointestinal nematodes. In addition, 3 tracer calves that were free of gastrointestinal nematodes were released on each pasture for 28 days at the beginning of the trial and after the last experimental-group calves had been removed. The 6 calves slaughtered on day 0 of the trial had a mean of 5,544 gastrointestinal nematodes. Tracer calves acquired 31,143 and 30,530 gastrointestinal nematodes from the pastures containing the treated and control heifers, respectively. Throughout the trial, the number of nematodes in the control calves increased at each sampling date (mean, 126,168 worms), whereas the mean number of worms in the treated heifers was 45,458. Tracer calves placed in the pastures after the 168-day trial acquired significantly more worms (9,632 vs 2,899; P < 0.05) from grazing the pastures with control heifers than from grazing the pastures with treated heifers. Counts of eggs per gram of feces were significantly different (P < 0.01) between the 2 groups from day 28 through day 112. Beginning at day 28, mean weight gain in the treated calves (45.1 kg) was significantly (P < 0.01) greater during the trial than was the mean weight gain for the control calves (2.5 kg). The use of a sustained-release morantel bolus in calves on winter pasture in the southern United States proved to be of value on the basis of fewer nematodes acquired and improved weight gains.

Parabronema skrjabini is a spirurid nematode of the family Habronematidae thatlives in the abomasum of ruminants such as sheep and goats. The purpose of this studywas to investigate the molecular aspects of Parabronema skrjabini in Basrah. Theworms were collected from slaughtered sheep and goats in Basrah slaughter housebetween the period from June, 2016 to January, 2017, with total number of abomasum'sexamined sheep (576) and goat ( 150 ). An internal transcribed spacer 2 ribosomalDNA (ITS2-rDNA) fragment of P. skrjabini was amplified by polymerase chainreaction (PCR) using a pair of specific primers (Para-Ir-R and Para-Ir-F). ITS2-rDNAsequences by using PCR technique assay which based on a 783-bp long sequence ofthe 28S rRNA gene, the total genomic DNA has been extracted by extracting kit withsome modification. ITS2 homology in different isolates was between (81&ndash;86%)compared with the sequence data in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first studyin Iraq exploring the genetic diversity of Parabronema in sheep and goats.

Goats are one type of livestock that has a high socioeconomic value for farmers. Most of the goats owned by farmers in Amplas Village are grazed and penned. Goats that are kept in a semi-intensive way are annually attacked by diarrhoeal diseases compared to goats that are kept intensively. This is thought to be due to the presence of gastrointestinal parasites that attack livestock due to the way they are kept. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of infection and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in goats reared with semi-intensive and intensive rearing systems. The samples examined were 60 faecal samples which were divided based on the rearing system. The samples were then taken to the laboratory of the veterinary center in Medan. The results of the observations showed haemonchus, trichuris, and capillaria sp. The highest prevalence value in Haemonchus sp. was 100%. The lowest prevalence was in Capillaria sp. with a value of 3.3%. The highest intensity was for Haemonchus sp. parasites with a value of 358 grains/ind. The lowest intensity was for Capillaria sp. parasites with a value of 10 grains/ind.Keywords: parasite, nematode, gastrointestinal, goat