In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was studied a comparative efficacy of methods of drug administration for diseased animals with respiratory diseases. It was stated that enteral (internal) administration of Tromexin in a complex therapy of calves with respiratory pathology possesses rendered low therapeutic efficacy and could have a lethal outcome. Parenteral (intramuscular) administration of Enrotil and Dexafort for a complex therapy of calves with respiratory pathology rendered a moderate therapeutic efficacy and could lead to animal's state improvement. Parenteral (intravenous) administration of hypertonic solutions of norsulfazol, calcium chloride, sodium chloride and glucose in complex therapy of calves diseased with a respiratory pathology proved to render a high therapeutic efficacy and may lead in a complete clinical recovery.

On the basis of realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus research it was established, that Cryptosporidial infection was found at adult and young pigs. The data on influence studying cryptosporidiosis invasion on pathomorphological changes in internal organs of piglets in the conditions of an associative course with infectious. Associative diseases give clearer clinical findings and proceed much harder, with heavier morphological changes. The majority of diseases in the conditions of an associative course proceeds harder in comparison with a mono-infection or invasion. In the conditions of mono-invasion the basic changes are localized in small intestines, causing acute and subacute catarrhal enteritis and a serous inflammation of regional mesenteric lymphonodus. These histological processes are presented as non-uniform locus of infection of a mucous membrane of intestines with atrophy of villus, hypertrophy of crypth and mononuclear polymorphic-nuclear infiltration of basal membranes. In the conditions of association of Cryptosporidial infection with infectious diseases it was noted that the pathomorphological changes progress and are showed not only by catarrhal, but also by hemorrhagic and local necrotic enteritis. Epithelium of mucous membrane is exposed to desquamation, intestines walls become thinner because of meteorism. Thick intestines are also involved into inflammatory process. Associations of Cryptosporidial infection with infectious diseases lead to development of severe pathomorphological changes in intestines. Alteration has prevailing character that is expressed in progressive development of atrophic, dystrophic processes and decline of cells and tissues that conducts to increase of permeability of vessels and proliferation of cells of reticuloendothelial system. | На основании проведенных исследований установлено, что криптоспоридиозная инвазия выявляется у поросят. Представлены данные по изучению влияния инвазии криптоспоридиоза на патоморфологические изменения во внутренних органах поросят при ассоциативном течении с инфекционными болезнями. Ассоциативные заболевания дают более яркую клиническую картину и протекают гораздо тяжелее, с более выраженными морфологическими изменениями в организме. Большинство болезней при ассоциативном течении протекает более тяжело в сравнении с моноинфекцией или инвазией. При моноинвазии основные изменения локализуются в тонком кишечнике, вызывая острый и подострый катаральный энтериты и серозное воспаление регионарных брыжеечных лимфоузлов. Гистологические данные процессы представлены, как неоднородные участки инфицирования слизистой оболочки кишечника с атрофией ворсинок, гипертрофией крипт и мононуклеарной полиморфнооядерной инфильтрацией базальной мембраны. При ассоциации криптоспоридиоза с инфекционными заболеваниями патоморфологические изменения прогрессируют и проявляются не только катаральным, но геморрагическим и очаговым некротическим энтеритами. Эпителий слизистой оболочки подвергается десквамации, стенки кишечника истончаются вследствие метеоризма. В воспалительный процесс также вовлекается толстый кишечник. Ассоциации криптоспоридиоза с инфекционными заболеваниями приводят к развитию в кишечнике тяжелых патоморфологических изменений. Альтерация имеет преобладающих характер, что выражается в прогрессивном развитии атрофических, дистрофических процессов и некроза клеток и тканей, что ведет к повышению проницаемости сосудов и пролиферации клеток ретикулоэндотелиальной системы.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there were studied the biochemical changes in blood of cows with chronic dystrophic processes in liver by an example of fatty hepatodystrophy. There was given an estimation of these changes taking into account animal physiological state (pregnancy). The metabolic profile including the enzymatic block from aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, serum albumin, total cholesterin, total bilirubin and thymol test can be used in clinical and biochemical diagnostics in case of hepatic steatosis. Its changes in case of hepatic steatosis were characteriszed by increase in activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, decrease in activity of cholinesterase, decrease in blood serum of albumins concentration, increase in general cholesterol and high values of thymol tests. Determination of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase influence and flocculation test on apo-beta-lipoproteins showed that they should not be included in this complex due to their small information content. In the process of estimation of changes of a metabolic profile of blood serum it wasnecessary to consider the physiological state of animals (pregnancy) because the activity of some enzymes and metabolite concentration at them could essentially differ. Taking into consideration the character of hepatic steatosis course, the studied metabolic profile can be recommended for hyposthenic current chronic activity with the considerable involvement degree of hepatocytes into the process.

After the pathomorphological and histological studies of innards of fallen experimental animals in all realized experiments it was found that sheep and lambs infected with pneumoviral infections (Parainfluenza-3, Adenoviridae, respiratory streptococcosis infection) with their additional infestation with radioactive substances there was stated the acceleration of infectious process, and disease recrudesced up to 2-5 and more times (depending on irradiation doze). The immunity of sheep and lambs decreased caused by reproduction of viruses, and in acute cases animals died but in cases of mild forms the disease transformed into chronic form and caused animal death.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus by means of application of a scanning electron microscopy there was realized a morphological assessment of the efficiency of mono- and associated antiviral vaccines. It is shown, that analyzed biological preparations invoke in poultry a number of structural disorders among which it is possible to mention both immunomorphological changes, and pathomorphological processes. The highest reactogenicity was showed by of monovaccines against infectious bronchitis (produced by Research Institute of Animal Protection, Russia); infectious laryngotracheitis (Institute of Experimental Veterinary of S.N.Vyshelesskij, Belarus); and also an associated vaccine against infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease (Research Institute of Animal Protection, Russia). These vaccines caused essential structural disorders in tissues at a place of administration, liver and kidneys. Administration of the vaccine against infectious bursal disease and associated vaccines against infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, infectious laryngotracheitis and Newcastle disease (Institute of Experimental Veterinary of S.N.Vyshelesskij) strengthened the processes of lymphatization in fabricic bursa. All studied biological products caused activization of morphological reorganization of immune apparatus of a spleen and did not render essential influence on thymus structure. | С использованием сканирующей электронной микроскопии проведена морфологическая оценка эффективности моно- и ассоциированных противовирусных вакцин. Показано, что указанные биопрепараты вызывают в организме птиц ряд структурных нарушений, среди которых можно выделить как иммуноморфологические изменения, так и патоморфологические процессы. Наибольшую реактогенность проявляли моновакцины против инфекционного бронхита кур (ФГУ ВНИИЗЖ, Россия), инфекционного ларинготрахеита (ИЭВ им. С.Н. Вышелесского), а также ассоциированная вакцина против ИБК, инфекционной бурсальной болезни и болезни Ньюкасла (ФГУ ВНИИЗЖ, Россия), которые вызывали существенные структурные нарушения в ткани на месте введения, печени и почках. Использование вакцины против ИББ и ассоциированной вакцины против ИБК, ИББ, ИЛТ и БН (ИЭВ им. С.Н. Вышелесского) усиливало процессы лимфатизации в фабрициевой бурсе. Все изучаемые биопрепараты вызывали активизацию морфологической перестройки иммунного аппарата селезенки и не оказывали существенного влияния на структуру тимуса.

Investigation of frequency of occurrence and manifestations of liver pathology of swine during the postmortem examination at meat packing plant of the Republic of Belarus was realized. Data analysis of reports of postmortem veterinary-sanitary examination gathered from two leasing national meat packing plants showed that out of 236187 of evaluated swine carcasses and organs in 40860 (17,3%) of cases there were registered different liver pathologies. Among the total number of liver pathologies in 5721 cases (14%) there were stated liver pathologies caused by invasive diseases (echinococcus disease (Echinococcus granulosus) – 1,5%; cysticercosis – 0,2%; migration traces of ascarid larva - 12,3%), and 31830 cases (86%) were caused by noncontagious diseases. The highest percentage among noncontagious liver diseases was stated for dystrophic organ changes (83,6%); the other 17,2% were caused by fibroid induration. During the morphological liver analysis there were stated the dystrophic and necrotic changes in fractions with the profound disturbance of blood circulation. At the same there was noted the disturbance of the whole fraction stricture, acute capillary engorgement in the central and peripheral zones

An interpretation of concepts 'norm' and 'pathology' in the veterinary medicine and medicine from the point of dialectic and materialistic theory was analyzed. There was given an interpretation of 'norm' as a complex of average indexes of state of vital function of body; interpretation of pathological process, pathological conditions and diseases. There was analyzed the philosophical concept of reasons and consequences in etiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms of diseases, as well as criticism of terms causalism and conditionalism