Nanotechnology is successfully used to ensure food quality, to enrich food with minerals, vitamins and antioxidants, and to improve the organoleptic properties of food. Nanoparticles of rare earth elements – gadolinium and lanthanum orthovanadates – have prospects for use in growing broiler chickens to improve meat quality, since their introduction in a therapeutic dose (0.2 mg/L of drinking water – on average, chickens received 0.09 (0.13-0.05) mg/kg body weight) for 10 days led to an increase in the mass fraction of protein and a decrease in the mass fraction of fat (gadolinium orthovanadate nanoparticles) and an increase in the mass fraction of dry matter during the administration period, along with an increase in the mass fraction of protein and ash (lanthanum orthovanadate nanoparticles and a mixture of gadolinium orthovanadate and lanthanum orthovanadate nanoparticles), which increases the energy value of meat.

Herbal extracts are potential safe sources of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, antibacterial agents which might be applied in different foods and pharmaceutical products. This study aimed to detect the minimal inhibitory concentrations for antibacterial agents and herbal extracts, Using DAA method (decimal assay for additivity) to determine interaction effect between combination of herbal extracts and antimicrobial agent methods and pathogenicity test of isolated G. anatis. The total incidence of G. anatis was 30% in the examined infected layer chickens. By using antibiotic sensitivity test, the retrieved strains were resistant to doxycycline (98.3%), amoxicillin (95.8%) and gentamycin (95%). But susceptible to erythromycin (95.8%), florfenicol (90%), sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim (57.5%) and difloxacin (44.17%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanolic herbal extract of rosemary leaves was 64 µg/ml and for Eucalyptus globules was 256 µg/ml, while for cinnamon was 1024 µg/ml. The current study revealed that rosemary gave the best results in combination with amoxicillin at ratios 9:1 and 7:3. Moreover, combination with doxycycline gave acceptable results at ratios 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 but with florfenicol gave good results at ratios 9:1 and 8:2. Moreover, with erythromycin gave good results at ratios of 9:1 and 8:2. While Eucalyptus  globules mixed with four antibiotics at ratios of 9:1and 8:2 gave the best results with amoxicillin, but for doxycycline was at three ratios (9:1, 8:2 and 7:3). After intra nasal (IN) experimental infection of chicks with Gallibacterium anatis strains, majority of chickens exhibited dullness, depression, decreased feed and water intake, and respiratory signs. Treatment was effective by DAA method by combination between doxycycline and rosemary at ratio 9:1. In addition, combination of amoxicillin and rosemary, between erythromycin with rosemary, and florfenicol with rosemary at 9:1 were very effective.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a bacterium that causing respiratory problems, growth retardation, high mortality, and drop in egg productions in poultry. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with the ORT infection in commercial poultry flocks in selected areas of Bangladesh. A total of 1920 serum samples were collected from 270 poultry farms including broiler (n=397), broiler breeder (n=430), layer (n=738), and a local breed namely Sonali (n=355) in Bangladesh were collected during 2017-2018 and the samples were tested for ORT antibodies using indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). At individual level, the prevalence of ORT antibodies in examined samples was 39.05% (95% CI: 36.87-41.29) and at farm level, it was 50.74% (95% CI: 44.61-56.85). In multivariate Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis, sampling area, farm category, types of chicken biosecurity condition and types of drinker used were identified as positively correlated with potential risk factors (p<0.05) for the seroprevalence of ORT in poultry farms. Therefore, it could be concluded that ORT is prevalent among commercial poultry of Bangladesh. Proper biosecurity measures at farm level and vaccination of birds against the ORT are highly recommended.

Between July and September 2017, samples collected from six unvaccinated chickens in Namibia were shown to be positive for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by RT-PCR. Partial sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 and VP2 genes from six viruses revealed that they all belong to the very virulent pathotype (Genogroup 3) and are genetically very similar to IBDVs identified in neighbouring Zambia. This is the first molecular characterisation of IBDV in Namibia and has implications on the control and management of the disease in the country.

Malaysia has experienced four waves of H5N1 outbreak but no humandeaths were recorded which is in 2004, 2006, 2007 and latest outbreak in 2017 at Kelantan. The objective of this paper is tocollect, analyse and summarise the data of HPAI cases from the outbreak from 1 March to 22 June 2017. A total of 1,634 cases, 8,544 samples were received at the Registration Unit and Virology Section, Regional Veterinary Laboratory in Kota Bharu (RVLKB) for diagnosis and surveillance of H5N1 during this period. The samples received were pooled organs and intestines from post-mortem (41 cases) and cloaca swabs in tryptose phosphate buffer from surveillance (1,593 cases), which were sent to RVL, Kota Bharu and Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak (VRI). They were processed and diagnosed using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT qPCR) technique to detect and subtyping of the virus. Total positive cases for H5N1 were 53 out of 1,634 with 18 diagnostic cases and 35 surveillance cases. All positive cases during outbreak were detected from 43 locations from six districts of Kota Bharu, Bachok, Pasir Puteh, Pasir Mas, Tumpat and Tanah Merah, with 19 locations in Kota Bharu which is thehighest affected by H5N1, seven locations in Bachok, four in Pasir Putih, six in PasirMas, six in Tumpat and one in Tanah Merah. Many factors could have led to the acute spread of the virus between the districts like chicken smuggling, legal and illegal poultry trade, migration of infected wild birds and others. Understanding the source of outbreak and how it spread is important to control, eradicate and prevent the spread of the disease as it is zoonotic and infects human.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is caused by influenza virus A from the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is a severe, systemic disease with high mortality in avians. The mortality can be as high as 100% in a few days. On 28 February 2017, HPAI virus of H5N1 subtype was confirmed in village chickens at Kampung Pulau Tebu, Batu 5, Tunjong Kota Bharu, Kelantan. It wasthe second outbreak of HPAI in Kelantan after the first reported case at Tumpat Kelantan on 17 August 2004. Most of the dead poultry showed similar clinical signs of sudden death with high mortality, cyanosis and oedema of head, comb, wattle and snood as well as red discolouration of shanks and feet. Post-mortem was performed on dead poultry and there were generalised haemorrhages of all internal organs, congested mesenteric blood vessels andpinpoint haemorrhages on proventriculus. Histopathological examination revealed generalised pulmonary haemorrhages with moderate interstitial pneumonia, generalised hepatic haemorrhages and hepatitis with multifocal area of hepatic necrosis, generalised haemorrhagic myocarditis and generalised haemorrhagicnephritis. Confirmation test was performed using RT-PCR and viral isolation at Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh. 36 foci wereaffected involving five districts (Kota Bharu, Tumpat, Bachok, Pasir Mas and Tanah Merah) causing depopulation of 56,953 poultryand 17,531 eggs. Surveillance and control measures were taken by Department of Veterinary Services to contain the disease from spreading to other areas.

Increased emergence in microbial resistance to antibiotics is a growing problem globally. A retrospective investigation was made of antimicrobial resistance in a total of 2,345 Escherichia coli isolates from clinical cases submitted to Regional Veterinary Laboratory of Bukit Tengah, Penang, Malaysia between January 2000 and December 2015. Analysis using WHONET 5.6 revealed that resistance to ampicillin, norfloxacin and aminoglycosides was detected in isolates from poultry and pigs more often than ruminants. Resistant to colistin was higher in ruminants compared to other animal groups. Nor floxacin susceptibility was very high in isolates from ruminants, pet birds (82.2%) and zoo animals (88.6%). Isolates from pet birds had higher resistant rate to all of the antimicrobials tested compared to zoo and companion animals. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates (29.25%, 684/2345) were detected in this study. Further efforts, for instance, national monitoring and surveillance, are required to quantify the exposure of animals to antimicrobial agents and resistant pathogenic or commensal bacteria in the animals and also its environment. Such useful information indeed will assist the prudent use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary practice; therefore, suppress the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animals.

Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- was a monophasic variant of Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium and notorious for reemerging candidate which would replace S. Typhimurium DT104 for antibiotic resistance. Recently, isolation rate was increased on human and industrial animals but there was no case in domestic animals but human in Korea. This was first isolation case from domestic animals in Korea. The five isolates from feces of duck (n = 3), chicken (n = 1), and wild bird (n = 1) showed antibiotic resistance against cephems and aminoglycosides. These means that the spread of emerging bacterial pathogens to domestic animals and the need of systemic management for Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:-.

This study was conducted to investigate incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains and characteristics of ESBL gene in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from poultry during the period from April 2003 to December 2005 in Korea. Among 203 isolates, 4 isolates (3 from broilers and 1 from layer) were confirmed as ESBL producing strains by double disk synergy test, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for β-lactamase genes. bla∧CTX-M-15 and bla∧CMY-2 were detected in these 4 isolates and were transferred to recipient by conjugation, respectively. Also, these ESBL producing strains were associated with multiple drug resistance. In conclusion, these results exhibit incidence of CTX-M and CMY-2 β-lactamase in pathogenic E coli from poultry in Korea, and clinically important meaning in human. And they also suggest the needs for rapid and broad surveillance to monitor ESBL genes and R plasmid transferring resistant gene in poultry.

The effects of 3 experimental diets that varied only in the source of dietary protein (ie, poultry, cereal, red meat) were compared in Basenjis (n = 8) with immunoproliferative enteropathy and healthy Beagles (n = 8). Significant differences in fecal character, serum IgA concentration, and intestinal digestive and absorptive function were not induced by the different sources of dietary protein. The results of this study do not support a causal role for dietary protein source in the pathogenesis of immunoproliferative enteropathy of Basenjis.