Feed quality very depends on changes in the weather where in short rainy conditions the feed is abundant, mean while, long dry conditions cause feed availability to be limited. One of the abundant feeds is rice straw, but the use of rice straw needs to be considered for its nutritional content, thus its utilization requires to be processed first. This study aimed to utilize local microorganisms (MOL) of Bali cattle rumen fluid at different inoculum levels on the quality of fermented rice straw silage to over come feed shortages in dryland. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications, namely R0: Rice Straw + Rice Bran 10% + molasses 3% (Without MOL of cattle  rumen fluid/control); R1 : Rice Straw + Rice Bran 10% + molasses 3% + MOL of cattle  rumen fluid 5%; R2 : Rice Straw + Rice Bran 10% + molasses 3% + MOL of cattle  rumen fluid 10%; R3: Rice Straw + Rice Bran 10% + molasses 3% + MOL of cattle  rumen fluid 15%. The percentage of molasses and cattle  rumen fluid was adjusted to the weight of chopped rice straw. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova). The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the organoleptic quality (color, texture, smell, presence of fungi and pH) and organic matter, crude protein, extract eter, crude fiber, carbohydrate, nitrogen free extract and gross energy (nutritional content) of rice straw silage, dry matter and gross energy had no significant effect (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the higher MOL of cattle  rumen fluid level use, the greater organoleptic quality and nutritional content of rice straw silage obtained

Identification of microorganisms, including bacteria, are widely used especially in environmental studies, biotechnology, clinical microbiology, microbial forensics, and in research study. The conventional method of bacteria identification is based on phenotypic observation techniques by profiling an organism’s metabolic attributes or some aspect of its chemical composition. Then, interpretation of test results involves substantial subjective judgement. Currently, general 16S rRNA sequencing and specific PCR play an important role in the accurate and faster identification of bacteria. The aim of this study is to compare the identification of the genus or species of bacteria from agricultural waste using conventional microbiology biochemical test and molecular techniques PCR 16S rRNA universal amplified ribosomal region (UARR) sequencing. A total of 72 agricultural waste samples and 2 ATCC culture as positive control were tested. Out of two ATCC bacteria and fifteen bacteria isolates identified by the biochemical test, twelve species (71%) of bacteria gave exactly the same bacteria genus as the 16S rRNA sequencing results. Aeromonas hydrophilia, Alcaligenes faecalis and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was revealed as Pseudomonas sp. from the sequencing results. As for Alcaligenes sp., the results from the sequencing is Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Previous reports also showed different results of the same isolate which were from similar classification, and closely related to each other. The limited number of biochemical tests available in a laboratory will contribute to misidentification of a proposed specie.

We studied the frequency and timing of abortion and the serum levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone in Korean native cows fed pine needles during pregnancy. Fifteen pregnant cows were randomly assigned to groups of 5. The control group was fed a concentrate and rice straw, and the other 2 groups were fed, in addition, either 1.3 or 2.7 kg (dry weight) of Korean pine needles daily, starting at an average of 91 d of gestation and continuing until 245 d of gestation. The health status of the dams and the viability of the fetuses were ascertained by rectal palpation and ultrasound scanning during pregnancy. Simultaneously, blood samples were collected for analysis of serum 17β-estradiol and progesterone. Two abortions in mid-pregnancy (at 126 and 150 d of gestation) occurred in the group ingesting the higher daily amount of pine needles. Premature parturition occurred at 259 d of gestation in this group and at 241 and 252 d of gestation in the group ingesting the lower daily amount of pine needles. The serum 17β-estradiol concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 4 mo of gestation and the serum progesterone level significantly lower (P < 0.05) at 8 mo of gestation in the group ingesting more pine needles daily than in either of the other 2 groups. These results suggest that the ingestion of pine needles may play a role in abortion in Korean native cows by increasing the serum 17β-estradiol concentration and decreasing the serum progesterone concentration.

Rice straw and oil palm empty fruit bunch were treated with urea&#xD;and commercial effective microorganisms to study their ability to breakdown fibres, improved in protein and energy values. In rice straw, the crude protein and crude fibre treated with urea and urea + effective microorganisms showed significant differences from the untreated control. The neutral detergent fibre and nitrogen free&#xD;extract values in the rice straw treatment did not show significant differences. Metabolizable energy values decreased with the treatment groups compared to the control. The results of keeping the treated rice straw in anaerobic plastic bags up to 30 days showed no significant breakdown of fibre components in the control and urea&#xD;treated groups. But there is a significant dropped in the neutral detergent fibre in urea + effective microorganisms treatment.&#xD;In oil palm empty fruit bunch, there were no significant differences seen in the crude protein, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, nitrogen free extract and metabolisable energy values. Storage showed decreased in energy values in all treated groups. The addition of urea and microbes showed improved protein level and in the reduction of the fibre components in rice straw only. Keywords: rice straw, oil palm empty fruit bunch, urea, effective microorganisms, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral&#xD;detergent fibre, metabolisable energy.