Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an emerging arthropod-borne pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants responsible for devasting economic losses in European countries with a potential for spreading across boundaries. Three hundred sixty-two (362) serum samples were randomly collected from 7 selected sheep and goat farms from January to October 2019 to investigate the seroprevalence of SBV among small ruminants in Negeri Sembilan and Terengganu states. Seroprevalence of SBV was determined using commercial ID vet® SBV multispecies cELISA test. The farmers completed a structured questionnaire to furnish farm management data to evaluate the risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of SBV among individual animals. A Chi-square test was performed to determine the association between seroprevalence of SBV and putative risk factors of individual animals. Based on the ELISA test, a total of 78 individual animals were seropositive with an overall prevalence of 21.5% and the true prevalence of 22.1% (95% CI:18.06-26.71). Multivariable logistic regression analysis further revealed that Negeri Sembilan state (p<0.001; OR=14.290; 95% CI=5.384-37.930), Breed: Malin sheep (p<0.001; OR=20.453; 95% CI=4.807-87.022), Barbados Black Belly sheep (p<0.01; OR=69.947; 95% CI=16.819-290.901), Boer goat (p<0.001; OR=9.108; 95% CI=3.191-25.997) and crossbred goat (p=0.001; OR=4.964; 95% CI=1.905-12.934) are risk factors of SBV among individual animals. This study highlights the prevalence of a new transboundary disease among small ruminants in Malaysia. The result obtained here provides preliminary data that could guide livestock producers and policy makers in designing suitable prevention and control measures.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of management practices based on the principles of hazard analysis critical control points system application in dairy farms on bulk milk tank quality and the subclinical mastitis prevalence. The study was conducted on two dairy farms located in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt using observation and questionnaire. Furthermore, cow hygiene scoring, subclinical mastitis prevalence using California Mastitis Testing, and electrical conductivity were evaluated. In addition, the organoleptic, chemical, and microbiological quality of bulk milk tanks were assessed. The results showed that farm I had better adoption of farm management practices (66.19%) than farm II (33.80%). The mean of udder and leg hygiene scores for cows showed no significant variation between both farms. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in farm I was 0% (0/108), while it reached 6.25% (6/96) in farm II. No evidence of any abnormality during organoleptic examination on both farms. Referring to the chemical analyses, there was a higher significant difference between protein and SNF (p<0.05) in farm I than in farm II. However, this was not the case for fat, in which farm II showed a higher significance (p<0.05). Furthermore, farm I showed a significantly lower (p<0.05) somatic cell count. On the other hand, the total bacterial count (TBC), titratable acidity, and pH had no significant difference in both farms. Finally, these ensure the importance of hygiene management practices for udder health and milk quality.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a bacterium that causing respiratory problems, growth retardation, high mortality, and drop in egg productions in poultry. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with the ORT infection in commercial poultry flocks in selected areas of Bangladesh. A total of 1920 serum samples were collected from 270 poultry farms including broiler (n=397), broiler breeder (n=430), layer (n=738), and a local breed namely Sonali (n=355) in Bangladesh were collected during 2017-2018 and the samples were tested for ORT antibodies using indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). At individual level, the prevalence of ORT antibodies in examined samples was 39.05% (95% CI: 36.87-41.29) and at farm level, it was 50.74% (95% CI: 44.61-56.85). In multivariate Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis, sampling area, farm category, types of chicken biosecurity condition and types of drinker used were identified as positively correlated with potential risk factors (p<0.05) for the seroprevalence of ORT in poultry farms. Therefore, it could be concluded that ORT is prevalent among commercial poultry of Bangladesh. Proper biosecurity measures at farm level and vaccination of birds against the ORT are highly recommended.