In mammalian species studied previously, pepsinogen consisted of biochemically different groups of isozymogens. By use of gel filtration chromatography and electrophoresis, we isolated a predominant pepsinogen from the gastric mucosa of a horse. Peptide mapping with V8 protease revealed differences with its porcine homologue. However, porcine and equine pepsinogens, when activated to pepsin, had a similar pattern of activity when hemoglobin was used as substrate. Those results suggest that differences must exist in the primary structure of the pepsinogens of the 2 species.

The present survey was undertaken to determine the mycoflora of broiler houses. Attempts were made to isolate and identify fungi in the dust, feed, litter and water from 21 broiler houses. A total of 166 isolates of fungi was identified as yeast spp. (44%), Aspergillus spp. (30.7%), Verticillium spp. (7.2%), Penicillium spp. (3.6%), Paecilomyces spp. (3.6%), Scopulariopsis spp. (3.0%), Cephalosporium spp. (3.0%), Chrysosporium spp. (2.4%), Cladosporium spp. (1.8%) and Absidia spp. (0.6%).

Buffalo is an emerging species after cattle though they have some phenotypic difference. To assess differentiation between species based on body measurements a factorial experiment (2 species × 3 ages) of CRD conducted in Bangladesh. Live weight of buffalo (464.2 kg) differed (P < 0.001) with cattle (388.5 kg) and it increased (P < 0.001) with the increase of age. A significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed in the case of body condition score (BCS). The skin of buffalo was found thicker (P < 0.001) than cattle. Nine of the body measurements of buffalo (heart girth (HG), barrel (Ba), horn length (HL), horn circumference (HC), thigh circumference (ThC), hind shank circumference (HsC), fore shank circumference (FsC), hook to hook distance (HHD), and pin to pin distance (PPD) were higher (P < 0.001) than cattle. Wither height (WH), muzzle (Mz), tail circumference (TC), and hook to pin distance (HPD) differed (P < 0.01) between the species. Hip height (HH) differed significantly (P < 0.05). All the body parameters and skin thickness showed age effects. Live weights of the two species had a strong correlation with HG and Ba (0.79 and 0.74, respectively). HG showed strong correlation with Ba, HC, HsC and HHD (0.84, 0.72, 0.73 and 0.78, respectively). The correlation coefficient between WH and HH were 0.84, and HsC and FsC was 0.78. HL had strong correlation with HC, FsC and HHD (0.88, 0.71 and 0.79, respectively). So, various phenotypic traits were responsible for the change of other traits positively.

Bovine trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma. The disease cause economic losses in livestock production. In order to determine the status of research on this disease in Côte d'Ivoire, we used the systematic review method and meta-analysis. Three electronics databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed and CrossRef were used to search for publications on trypanosomiasis prevalence that met our inclusion criteria. Twenty five articles were identified, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria. Bovine trypanosomiasis prevalence of 2.99% (95% confidence interval &#91;CI&#93;: 2.96% - 3.01%) to 25.28% (95% CI: 25.17% - 25.38%) were recorded between 1960 and 2021. The analyses showed that the most infected regions were the Bagoue 11.26% (95% CI: 11.25% - 11.27%), Bounkani 14.94% (95% CI: 14.93% - 14.95%), Gbeke 10.34% (95% CI: 10.33% - 10.35%), Marahoue 13.79% (95% CI: 13.78% - 13.80%), Poro 8.50% (95% CI: 8.49% - 8.51%), and Tchologo 11.83% (95% CI: 11.82% - 11.84%).The most sensitive diagnostic method used was the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The species of trypanosomes diagnosed were Typanosoma vivax 4.99% (95% CI: 4.97% - 5.01%), T. congolense 1.51% (95% CI: 1.49% - 1.52%), and T. brucei 0.61% (95% CI: 0.59% - 0.62%). Despite some variation, the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Côte d'Ivoire caused mainly by T. vivax has increased in the years between 1977 and 2017. Efforts to control tsetse and other mechanical vectors should also be put in place to minimize its transmission. CONTRIBUTION: The authors studied the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis using the systematic review method and MA in order to determine the status of research on this disease in Côte d'Ivoire

During a 1-year period, specimens were obtained monthly from 5 hair coat and 7 mucous membrane sites of 11 healthy dogs. Among 804 isolates of staphyloccocci, 13 species were identified. Staphylococcus intermedius was the most frequently isolated (40.2% of total isolates) coagulase-positive species, and S xylosus was the most frequently isolated (17.3%) coagulase-negative species. Moreover, S intermedius was the most frequently isolated species from the 12 sites evaluated and was isolated persistently from 8 of the 9 dogs that completed the 1-year study. On the basis of a commerical identification system, 14 profile numbers were identified for isolates of S intermedius. However, 2 profile numbers accounted for a majority (70.9%) of the isolates. Specific S intermedius biotypes identified on the basis of hemolysis, coagulase production, beta-lactamase activity, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were found repeatedly in 3 dogs. Seemingly, S intermedius was a resident of the normal bacterial microflora of these dogs; however, the inability to isolate S intermedius from 1 dog during the study year indicated that not all dogs habor S intermedius as a resident microorganism.

A total of 253 samples from cattle (52), buffalo (51), sheep (50), goat (50) and chicken (50) were screened for the presence of Pasteurella multocida. Out of these, 17 samples were found positive by species specific PCR (PM-PCR) with ~460 bp amplified product. Overall prevalence of P. multocida was found to be 6.7%. Out of 17 PM-PCR positive samples, 12 (70%) were found positive by capsular type-B specific (HSB-PCR) and multiplex PCR assays with amplification of ~620 bp product in both the cases. A total of 5 isolates of P. multocida were obtained in 17 PM-PCR positive samples of which 4 were of serotype B:2 and 1 was of serotype A:3. The PM-PCR and HSB-PCR assays can be performed directly on clinical samples from animals with reproducible results without any non-specific amplification. Multiplex PCR further reduces the time for the species and type specific detection of P. multocida.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was developed a concept for differentiation of eimeria and helminthes using a system of identification indexes as mathematical expressions of morphometric correlations of eimeria oocystae and helminth eggs morphology. There was developed a method for identification eimeria species on the basis of two-dimensional mathematical analysis of oocysts using a new identification index which represented a duplication proportion of contour perimeter to surface area of an oocyst.