Sonographic observations were made of the image mean gray scale (MGS) of the flexor tendons and ligaments in the left and right metacarpal regions of each of 10 clinically normal horses. In images made in the dorsal and sagittal planes, the MGS was measured at multiple sites in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), accessory ligament (AL), and suspensory ligament (SL), and at single sites in the medial and lateral limbs of the SL, and the palmar ligament. Relative sonographic brightness of each tendon and ligament was calculated by dividing the value of its MGS by the mean value for the MGS of images of 3 soft tissue equivalent phantoms. When a multivariate repeated-measures of ANOVA of the relative brightness values was statistically significant (P < 0.05), Tukey's method of multiple comparisons was used to determine which values were significantly different from each other. In the dorsal plane, the SL was significantly brighter than the DDFT, SDFT, and AL; relative brightnesses of the DDFT and SDFT were similar, as were those of the SDFT and AL. In the sagittal plane, the SL again was the significantly brightest structure, followed by the Al, and similar brightnesses of the DDFT and SDFT. In dorsal images made 25 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone, relative brightnesses of the SDFT, DDFT, and the medial and lateral limbs of the SL were similar. In images made 30 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone, relative brightness of the palmar ligament was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that of the SDFT and DDFT in the dorsal plane, but not in the sagittal plane, where it was significantly greater. Relative brightness values represented a unique sonographic characteristic of each structure and, in the future, may provide further insights into tendon and ligament structure and function.

The Achilles tendon is the most resilient tendon in the musculoskeletal system of canines. It enables the hock to extend, allowing the animal to balance on its toes. Its primary role is to propel the rear limb forward and provide support to the hock. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), Platelets store growth factors and are crucial in various physiological functions like blood clotting, blood vessel formation, immune defense, and tissue healing. Aim of the study: To analyze and contrast the impacts of Platelet-rich plasma on regeneration of Achilles tendon. Materials and Methods: 10 dogs were divided into two groups: 5 dogs received treatment with Platelet-Rich Plasma (Group A), 5 dogs served as a control (Group B), and left untreated Results: scoring the degree of lameness in dogs that were not treated throughout the entire experiment The control group showed lameness scores, resulting in the animals being unable to lift their legs and take a few steps,The group that was treated with PRP had notably lower levels of lameness and pain throughout the study period,prp treatment resulted in better healing of the injured tendon compared to the untreated group, showing gradual improvement after 7 days. Histologically,PRP enhanced healing with increased cell proliferation, migration and collagen production of tendon-derived cells including increased cellularity and vascularity of ligament tissue ,compared to those in the control group the of the Achilles tendon of the positive control group showed chronic tendonitis. Conclusion: Proved that PRP can greatly enhance tendon repair, tendon growth, and minimize inflammation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the regenerative activity ofautotransplantation of superficial flexor digital tendon and bone marrowon the repair of sciatic nerve in dogs. Eight adult dogs from both sexeswere used. The age ranges from 1-2 years and weight from 10-15 kgs.The animals were divided into two groups control and treatment groupeach group consists of four animals. Each animal in the first group wasanesthetized with mixture of xylazine and ketamine at a dose of 5 mg/kgand 10 mg/kg of body weight I.M, respectively. The skin of the lateralsurface of the thigh region was incised, fascia and muscle group wereseparated using blunt dissection, the left sciatic nerve was harvested and a10 mm piece was transected. A segment longer than 10 mm of superficialflexor digital tendon was harvested and autografted using 5/0 nylon. Inthe second group animals underwent the same manner of first group aswell as bone marrow applied at operative site. 60 days post operativelyresults exhibited improvement in activity of affected limb in treatedanimals with graft and bone marrow. Histologically there was animprovement at site of graft represented by formation of granulationtissue in both groups. In conclusion the local application of bone marrow on the site of tendon graft led to enhance the regeneration of sciatic nerveresulting in functional improvement of the affected limb

Fifteen adult rabbits were used to evaluate the repair of experimental common calcaneal tendon defects treated with glycerin-preserved canine carotid artery xenografts alone or associated with autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells (AMCs). Rabbits were submitted to daily clinical examination; implanted sites were analyzed under light microscopy within 15, 30 and 60 days of surgery. Pelvic limbs receiving xenografts associated with AMCs had better physical performance as well as higher collagen fiber, fibroblast, lymphocyte and new vessel counts at all postoperative time points considered. Glycerin-preserved canine carotid artery xenografts associated with AMCs constituted an effective method for common calcaneal tendon repair in rabbits.