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Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from mastitis milk samples in China Texto completo
2022
Zhao Yankun | Shao Wei | Wang Fulan | Ma Jiaoxiao | Chen He | Wang Shuai | Wu Yating | Wang Cheng | Zheng Nan | Wang Jiaqi | Liu Huimin
Streptococcus agalactiae is an important zoonotic pathogen that affects milk production and quality and poses a threat to public health. Treatment of infections with this bacterium exploits antimicrobials, to which the resistance of S. agalactiae is a growing problem. Addressing the possibility of a correlation between this pathogen’s genetic factors for antimicrobial resistance and virulence, this study attempted to identify the relevant genes.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]First report of the presence of enterotoxin gene in coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered from meat of snails (Achatina achatina) Texto completo
2022
Okafor Arthur C. | Ogbo Frank C. | Akharaiyi Fred C. | Oladeinde Henry B.
First report of the presence of enterotoxin gene in coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered from meat of snails (Achatina achatina) Texto completo
2022
Okafor Arthur C. | Ogbo Frank C. | Akharaiyi Fred C. | Oladeinde Henry B.
It has been suggested that coagulase-negative staphylococci can serve as reservoirs of virulence genes for other bacteria. This study assessed the presence of such genes in selected isolates recovered from meat of the giant African snail (Achatina achatina).
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]First report of the presence of enterotoxin gene in coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered from meat of snails (Achatina achatina) Texto completo
2022
Okafor, Arthur C. | Ogbo, Frank C. | Akharaiyi, Fred C. | Oladeinde, Henry B.
It has been suggested that coagulase-negative staphylococci can serve as reservoirs of virulence genes for other bacteria. This study assessed the presence of such genes in selected isolates recovered from meat of the giant African snail (Achatina achatina). Virulence genes were detected using a polymerase chain reaction targeting specific primers. Two representative isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the staphylococcal enterotoxin A gene (sea) was present in five out of the eight isolates studied. The isolates expressed resistance mainly to three antibiotics: chloramphenicol, norfloxacin and cloxacillin in descending order of incidence. Most importantly, the Staphylococcus sciuri isolate NEDU 181, in addition to being resistant to the three aforementioned antibiotics, also harboured the sea gene. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of toxigenic and antibiotic-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. in commercially-available fresh snail meat. With staphylococcal enterotoxin A known to survive cooking temperature, this presents a food safety concern.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx in Poland in 2020/2021: a descriptive epidemiological study of a large-scale epidemic Texto completo
2022
Śmietanka Krzysztof | Świętoń Edyta | Wyrostek Krzysztof | Kozak Edyta | Tarasiuk Karolina | Styś-Fijoł Natalia | Dziadek Kamila | Niemczuk Krzysztof
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx in Poland in 2020/2021: a descriptive epidemiological study of a large-scale epidemic Texto completo
2022
Śmietanka Krzysztof | Świętoń Edyta | Wyrostek Krzysztof | Kozak Edyta | Tarasiuk Karolina | Styś-Fijoł Natalia | Dziadek Kamila | Niemczuk Krzysztof
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by the Gs/Gd lineage of H5Nx viruses occur in Poland with increased frequency. The article provides an update on the HPAI situation in the 2020/2021 season and studies the possible factors that caused the exceptionally fast spread of the virus.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx in Poland in 2020/2021: a descriptive epidemiological study of a large-scale epidemic Texto completo
2022
Śmietanka, Krzysztof | Świętoń, Edyta | Wyrostek, Krzysztof | Kozak, Edyta | Tarasiuk, Karolina | Styś-Fijoł, Natalia | Dziadek, Kamila | Niemczuk, Krzysztof
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by the Gs/Gd lineage of H5Nx viruses occur in Poland with increased frequency. The article provides an update on the HPAI situation in the 2020/2021 season and studies the possible factors that caused the exceptionally fast spread of the virus. Samples from poultry and wild birds delivered for HPAI diagnosis were tested by real-time RT-PCR and a representative number of detected viruses were submitted for partial or full-genome characterisation. Information yielded by veterinary inspection was used for descriptive analysis of the epidemiological situation. The scale of the epidemic in the 2020/2021 season was unprecedented in terms of duration (November 2020–August 2021), number of outbreaks in poultry (n = 357), wild bird events (n = 92) and total number of affected domestic birds (approximately ~14 million). The major drivers of the virus spread were the harsh winter conditions in February 2020 followed by the introduction of the virus to high-density poultry areas in March 2021. All tested viruses belonged to H5 clade 2.3.4.4b with significant intra-clade diversity and in some cases clearly distinguished clusters. The HPAI epidemic in 2020/2021 in Poland struck with unprecedented force. The conventional control measures may have limited effectiveness to break the transmission chain in areas with high concentrations of poultry.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Slovenia Texto completo
2022
Kotnik Tina | Rataj Aleksandra Vergles | Šoba Barbara
Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Slovenia Texto completo
2022
Kotnik Tina | Rataj Aleksandra Vergles | Šoba Barbara
The prevalence of Dirofilaria repens in dogs in countries bordering Slovenia ranges from 1.5% to 47.3%. The aim of this study was to estimate its prevalence in Slovenian dogs and to present the cases of dirofilariasis diagnosed in humans from 2010 to 2020.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Slovenia Texto completo
2022
Kotnik, Tina | Rataj, Aleksandra Vergles | Šoba, Barbara
The prevalence of Dirofilaria repens in dogs in countries bordering Slovenia ranges from 1.5% to 47.3%. The aim of this study was to estimate its prevalence in Slovenian dogs and to present the cases of dirofilariasis diagnosed in humans from 2010 to 2020. Epidemiological data were collected and blood samples were taken from 465 dogs older than one year and born in Slovenia. A real-time PCR was performed on all samples to detect filarioid DNA, and a D. repens-and D. immitis-specific real-time PCR was performed on positive samples. Blood samples from 446 dogs were tested for Dirofilaria spp. using a modified Knott’s test. Human cases were diagnosed from histological sections of excised subcutaneous nodules. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise the samples. The one-sample nonparametric chi-squared test was used to assess whether categories of a variable were equally distributed. Three dogs’ samples tested positive for D. repens using the species-specific real-time PCR, while D. immitis DNA was not detected. The modified Knott’s test was positive in two of the three PCR-positive dogs, two of which had never travelled outside Slovenia’s borders. Four human patients with D. repens dirofilariasis were diagnosed. Since their travel history was unknown, autochthonous transmission could not be confirmed. Our study demonstrated a 0.64% prevalence of D. repens infection in dogs in Slovenia. Two cases could be autochthonous.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Occurrence of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in Polish turkey flocks Texto completo
2022
Kursa Olimpia | Tomczyk Grzegorz | Sawicka-Durkalec Anna
Occurrence of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in Polish turkey flocks Texto completo
2022
Kursa Olimpia | Tomczyk Grzegorz | Sawicka-Durkalec Anna
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry around the world. The bacterium often affects poultry as part of multiple infections causing very serious clinical signs that are usually not limited only to the respiratory system. This study’s main objective was the retrospective detection and identification of ORT in turkey flocks.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Occurrence of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in Polish turkey flocks Texto completo
2022
Kursa, Olimpia | Tomczyk, Grzegorz | Sawicka-Durkalec, Anna
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry around the world. The bacterium often affects poultry as part of multiple infections causing very serious clinical signs that are usually not limited only to the respiratory system. This study’s main objective was the retrospective detection and identification of ORT in turkey flocks. ORT identification was performed in 6,225 samples taken from 133 different flocks between 2015 and 2020. Molecular methods were used, specifically real-time PCR and traditional PCR. We focused on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of isolates, which were compared with sequences obtained from GenBank. The reaction products were analysed phylogenetically. Molecular methods indicating secondary infections was carried out, and the bacterial composition of the upper respiratory tract was 16S metasequenced for selected flocks to identify any other pathogens. The presence of ORT was detected in 30.83% of samples by real-time PCR and 28.57% by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the PCR products from the turkeys samples showed that their sequences resolved into two main genetic groups. Tests for the occurrence of secondary infections showed the presence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae in some samples but the total absence of Bordetella avium. The upper respiratory tract in turkeys was dominated by two major phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. At the genus level, the genera Ornithobacterium, Mycoplasma, Gallibacterium, Avibacterium, and Escherichia-Shigella were found which may include pathogenic bacteria that can cause clinical symptoms. The results of the analysis of multiple infection carried out in flocks with respiratory signs are probably associated with outbreaks of ornithobacteriosis in turkey flocks in Poland.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Genetic and pathogenic characterisation of a virulent Akabane virus isolated from goats in Yunnan, China Texto completo
2022
Gao, Hua-Feng | Wang, Jin-Ping | Yang, Zhen-Xing | Xie, Jia-Rui | He, Yu-Wen | Hong, Qiong-Hua | Xin, Ai-Guo
Genetic and pathogenic characterisation of a virulent Akabane virus isolated from goats in Yunnan, China Texto completo
2022
Gao, Hua-Feng | Wang, Jin-Ping | Yang, Zhen-Xing | Xie, Jia-Rui | He, Yu-Wen | Hong, Qiong-Hua | Xin, Ai-Guo
Akabane virus (AKAV) has been detected in a variety of host species in China, but there are only limited records of its occurrence in goats. However, more attention needs to be paid to understanding the diversity of viruses in this species. The aim of the study was to explore the genotype characteristics and variation trend of AKAV and their relationship with virulence in Yunnan, China. Blood samples were collected from goats during routine surveillance of goat diseases in Yunnan province in 2019. The AKAV CX-01 strain was isolated using BHK-21 cells. To understand pathogenicity, the virus was intraperitoneally (IP) and intracerebrally (IC) inoculated into suckling mice and tissue samples were subsequently analysed histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Akabane virus CX-01 strain induced encephalitis and impairment of the central nervous system with fatal consequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF sequences of the small segments indicated that the AKAV isolate used was most closely related to the GD18134/2018 Chinese midge and bovine NM BS/1strains, while phylogenetic analysis based on the medium segments showed a close relationship between CX-01 and the Chinese GLXCH01 strain. The CX-01 isolate was related to AKAV genogroup Ia and probably originated from a recombination of different strains.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Genetic and pathogenic characterisation of a virulent Akabane virus isolated from goats in Yunnan, China Texto completo
2022
Gao Hua-Feng | Wang Jin-Ping | Yang Zhen-Xing | Xie Jia-Rui | He Yu-Wen | Hong Qiong-Hua | Xin Ai-Guo
Akabane virus (AKAV) has been detected in a variety of host species in China, but there are only limited records of its occurrence in goats. However, more attention needs to be paid to understanding the diversity of viruses in this species. The aim of the study was to explore the genotype characteristics and variation trend of AKAV and their relationship with virulence in Yunnan, China.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Protective effects of Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract against ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity and immunotoxicity in broiler chickens Texto completo
2022
Elhady, Mohamed A. | Khalaf, Abdel Azeim A. | Ibrahim, Marwa A. | Hassanen, Eman I. | Abdelrahman, Rehab E. | Noshy, Peter A.
Protective effects of Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract against ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity and immunotoxicity in broiler chickens Texto completo
2022
Elhady, Mohamed A. | Khalaf, Abdel Azeim A. | Ibrahim, Marwa A. | Hassanen, Eman I. | Abdelrahman, Rehab E. | Noshy, Peter A.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin notably produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract (BSFE) contains specific enzymes which hydrolyse OTA. This study evaluated the efficiency of BSFE in ameliorating the immunotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of OTA in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks were divided equally into four groups of ten: control, OTA (0.5 mg/kg feed), BSFE product (1 mL/L water) and OTA + BSFE at the same concentrations. The chicks were vaccinated against avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and infectious bronchitis, and lymphoproliferation was induced in all birds by phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P). Serum samples were taken before sacrifice and organ tissue samples were taken after, in which renal function biomarkers were assayed and the presence of OTA residue was evaluated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Protein markers of apoptosis were determined by qPCR, and tissue lesions were examined histopathologically. Exposure to OTA significantly decreased the antibody response to the vaccines and the lymphoproliferative response to PHA-P, and significantly elevated the renal function indicators: serum urea, uric acid and creatinine. It also induced oxidative stress (reduced catalase activity and glutathione concentration), lipid peroxidation (increased malondialdehyde content), apoptosis (increased Bax and Caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 gene levels) and pathological lesions in kidney, bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus tissue. Residues of OTA were detected in the serum and tissue. BSFE mitigated most of these toxic effects. BSFE counters OTA-induced immunotoxicity and nephrotoxicity because of its content of carboxypeptidase and protease enzymes.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Protective effects of Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract against ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity and immunotoxicity in broiler chickens Texto completo
2022
Elhady Mohamed A. | Khalaf Abdel Azeim A. | Ibrahim Marwa A. | Hassanen Eman I. | Abdelrahman Rehab E. | Noshy Peter A.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin notably produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract (BSFE) contains specific enzymes which hydrolyse OTA. This study evaluated the efficiency of BSFE in ameliorating the immunotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of OTA in broiler chickens.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Comparison of Vaginal Flora, Vaginal Cytology, Blood Values and Hormone Level of Cats in Different Reproductive Periods Texto completo
2022
Termelioğlu, Levent | Kalender, Hakan | Erat, Serkan
The aim of this study was to investigate vaginal cytology, haematological and hormonal values, the presence of bacteria in the vagina, and the relationship between these findings in different reproductive periods in cats. The study consisted of 30 healthy non-geriatric female cats that had reachedto puberty. The cats were divided into 3 equal groups (each having 10 cats) as estrus, anestrus and pregnant. The vaginal samples for microbiological and cytological examination andthe blood samples for hormonal analysis and hemogram were taken at the same time. A total of 100 vaginal epithelial cells were counted from the random areas of thevaginal cytology samples on the slide. The distributions of the percentages of the counted cells according to the groups were subtracted and compared. While there was no bacterial growth in 9 (30%) animals, bacterial growth was observed in 21 (70%) animals. There were no bacterial growth in 3 (30%), 4 (40%) and 2 (20%) animals inestrus, pregnant and anestrus groups, respectively. Estradiol (E2) level (42.64 ± 10.62 pg/ml) in estrus animals was significantly higher (P<0.001) than E2 level in pregnant and an estrus animals. The progesterone (P4) level of the pregnant group (12.22±9.35 ng/ml) was higher (P<0.001) than the P4 levels of the anestrus (0.84±0.25 ng/ml) and the estrus group (0.58±0.28 ng/ml), while the P4 levels of the estrus and the anestrus groups were similar. Significant differences were detected only in MCV, MCH and MCHC, within 19 blood parameters. MCV values were found to be lower in estrus animals (45.68±3.75femtoliter) than only in pregnant (51.21±4.99femtoliter) animals (P=0.007). The difference in MCH values between the estrus group (14.37±0.84 pg) and the pregnant group (15.62 ± 1.18 pg) (P=0.003) and the difference in MCHC values between the pregnant group (30.66±1.17 g/dl) and the anestrus group (32.42±1.04 g/dl) (P<0.001) were statistically significant. The presented results may help in the planning of future studies and the comparison of the obtained values.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Questionnaire Study on Feeding Practices of Pace Horses in Aegean and Marmara Regions of Turkey Texto completo
2022
Danyer, Erdem | Bilal, Tanay
This sectional study aims to collect data about feeding practices for pace horses in the Aegean and Marmara regions of Turkey. For this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of 69 free text and multiple-choice questions was developed. The questionnaire was implemented on 29-31 August 2014 by personal interviews and was online on social media for ten months. The questionnaire comprised sections on breeder demographic information, farm condition, feeding habit, and nutritional disease. Fifty volunteer horse owners who had a total of 271 horses have participated in the study. Evaluation of the results focused on nutrition practices. Unfortunately, 46% of the respondents were not rasping their horses’ teeth, and an important part of them was not using supplementary oil (78%) or feed additives (84%). Drinking water after exercise (74%) as well as rotten, mouldy, and bacterially contaminated feed (72%) were reported as the most important colic reason by the responders. Based on the results of our study, educational initiatives are needed to inform pace horse owners about appropriate nutrition and related diseases to increase the pace horse race performance.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Social Network Analysis of Giardiasis Positive Calves to those of Healthy One Texto completo
2022
Alıç Ural, Deniz | Ural, Kerem | Erdogan, Songul | Ayan, Adnan | Erdoğan, Hasan
In the present multidisciplinary study, the researchers on a field trial performed a Social Network approach and a group of 9 calves (3 males/6 females) aged 10 to 16 weeks. A 24 hours digital camera was used for location registration (X-Y position) and interactions on each calf, both individually and collectively. Based on the simple methodology nearest neighbor matrix positive and negative associations were analyzed. The field study lasted 4 weeks and the maximum interaction day was chosen, when individual calf activity was high. To those of 9 calves solely no 2 was infected with giardiasis on the first week, whereas calves with no:2, 7, and 8 were also infected on the second week. No: 4 and 6 were also infected with a total of 5 calves on the third week. This was followed by the final 6 calves in total infected. During the observation period, both by investigators and camera records, infected calf 2 was in close contact with no: 8 (at morning observation) and a slight degree of contact with no: 3 and 4 which were detected with giardiasis on the third and fourt weeks, respectively. Due to close contact with no: 8, infection was determined on the second week, earlier than others (except no: 7). Calves with no: 1 and 5 were never infected nor determined by PCR, fecal smear, or rapid diagnostic test kits throughout the study. In conclusion, the present authors suggested that social networking might be an important predisposing factor for giardiasis infection among calves.
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