This work applied three Brucella vaccination protocols in adult Brucella-free ewes. Serum and blood samples were collected from each group at time points 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 days post-vaccination. In addition, the humoral immune response was assessed by the Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) every week for 16 weeks. Also, cell-mediated immunity was evaluated. Additionally, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) were assessed. The results indicated that the cellular immune responses induced by the B. abortus RB51 vaccine with a dose of 3.4 x1010 provide a protective immune response near the effect produced by the B. melitensis Rev. 1 vaccine. Moreover, the IL-6 was expressed significantly less in the RB51- vaccinated group with a dose of 1.7 x1010 CFU (1 ml subcutaneously), greater in the Rev. 1-vaccinated group with a dose of 1.6 × 109 CFU (1 ml subcutaneously), and highest expression in the RB51-vaccinated group with a dose of 3.4 x1010 CFU ( 2 ml subcutaneously). Also, the expression of TNF- α was lowest in the group vaccinated with RB51 vaccine with a dose of 1.7 x1010 CFU, with greater abundance in the group vaccinated with Rev. 1 vaccine and highest expression in the group vaccinated with RB51 vaccine with a dose of 3.4 x1010 CFU. These findings imply that the RB51 vaccine, given to sheep with a dose of 3.4 x 1010 CFU, may trigger protective immune responses and be applied in the field to control brucellosis in sheep.

In recent years, various anaesthetic agents and mixtures had been evaluated for caudal epidural analgesia in cattle with a variety of results. Caudal epidural analgesia is a routine and established technique for a variety of surgical and obstetrical procedures in cattle and might depend on the volume of local analgesic. The objective of the present work to compare between the analgesic efficacy of xylazine alone and that of Xylazine-epinephrine combination in caudal epidural analgesia through studying the clinical and behavioral changes as well as estimating degrees of ataxia, sedation and analgesia in cows throughout monitoring their efficacies pre-epidural (Minute 0) injection or post-epidural injection (Minutes 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180). The study was conducted on clinically healthy non-pregnant cross cows (n=20). They were classified into two equal groups. The first one received epidural injection of 0.05 mg/kg xylazine and thus was referred as Xylagr. The second group was epidurally treated through injection of combination of 0.05 mg/kg xylazine and Epinephrine and thus was referred as Xyla-Epingr. All animals were subjected for through clinical examination as well as monitoring of different degrees of ataxia, sedation and analgesia parameters. There was no statistically significant difference in the onset of analgesia between xylazine epidural injection (11.85±1.25 minutes) and xylazine with epinephrine (12.01±1.05 minutes). Epidural administration of xylazine with epinephrine produced a significantly longer duration of analgesia (161±7.62 minutes) than that produced by epidural injection xylazine alone (136.20±7.13 minutes). Administration of xylazine alone resulted in mild to moderate sedation with mild ataxia, as well as cutaneous analgesia for the perineal region while xylazine with epinephrine produced mild sedation without ataxia, as well as cutaneous analgesia for the perineal region. The study concluded the higher efficacy of xylazine-epinephrine combinations as a caudal epidural analgesic drug compared with that of xylazine alone. Xylazine-epinephrine combination has more rapid onset of recovery from signs of ataxia and sedation than xylazine alone, which make it more suitable than xylazine in cattle as an intraoperative and postoperative analgesia.

Goats have made an important contribution to household income and food security, especially in rural areas. Goats have provided meat and milk as high-quality protein sources, and are an integral part of rural livelihoods and an insurance against future emergencies. Nearly 19.22 million heads of goats are distributed throughout the Islands of Indonesia, most of which belong to indigenous breeds, which possess phenotypic and genetic diversities that are indispansable for their conservation and genetic improvement programs. Despite their considerable diversities, not all the indigenous goats are fully characterized and harnessed. Unfortunately, some are classified as at risk of extinction. Since small-scale farmers with traditional production systems dominate in the country, goat productivity is relatively low. But the indigenous goats are still important genetic resources due to their adaptive traits that are relevant to climate change and low maintenance. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge, production system, and future improvement of the indigenous goat genetic resources in Indonesia.

Milk-sucking (self-sucking and inter-sucking) is an anxious problem causing economic losses in dairy farms. Although several studies were conducted to elucidate the main cause, the etiology is still unclear and might be a multi-factorial problem. The present study aimed to meticulously study individual cases of milk-sucking as well as the outcome of conservative and surgical treatment in cows and buffaloes. One hundred self-sucking cows and buffaloes were admitted to different clinics of Elkharga city in New-Valley Governorate between January 2019 and August 2020. Complete clinical examination of the animals was conducted. The recorded data were the history, signalment of the animals, clinical findings, associating problems and response to conservative treatment. Forty cows were treated conservatively through the application of the plastic nose (n= 27) or mouth rings milk-sucking preventer (n= 13). Surgically operated animals were divided into two groups according to the surgical technique. Twenty animals (cows=14, buffaloes=6) were subjected to ventral partial glossectomy, and the other ten cases (cows=6, buffaloes=4) were treated using inverting technique (tongue reshaping). The results revealed good body condition, normal physiological parameters, good appetite, good fertility and conception rate and good milk yield in 70 cases. Thirty animals had suffered depraved appetite, nutritional deficiency and delay of post-partum estrus and ovulation. Fore teats were the most common sites for milk-sucking.  Cross-sucking in the calf-hood period, energy and some mineral deficiency, and overcrowding in the markets might be the main causes of milk-sucking. Conservative treatment was effective as far as the device present in situ. Ventral glossectomy was better than tongue reshaping in treatment of the milk-sucking in cows and buffaloes.

The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricate, is one of the most critically endangered marine turtle species worldwide. A juvenile Hawksbill Sea turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata was admitted to the diagnosis and treatment unit of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Hurghada in June 2022. It suffered from dehydration, generalized weakness, external injuries, and floating syndrome. Rehydration therapy was immediately initiated, followed by a treatment plan which included aspiration of the gases accumulated in the coelomic cavity. Even though temporary relief was achieved after each aspiration, the floating relapsed after 48h. Using a combination of activated charcoal and simethicone in parallel to the aspiration protocol, together with a broad-spectrum supporting antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy, achieved restauration of the gastric motility, decreased the accumulated gases, and allowed a complete recovery of the turtle.

The quality assurance of meat products is very important for human health protection. In this study, 50 samples from burger, kofta, and sausage were examined histologically for the detection of adulteration. Histological sections from the three meat products were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Adulteration by unauthorized plant and animal tissues was detected microscopically. The results revealed that burger was adulterated with lung, heart, connective tissue, smooth muscles, cartilage, and plant tissues. Burger samples showed parasitic infection with sarcocystis within skeletal muscles. Kofta was adulterated with lung, connective tissue, smooth muscles, cartilage, blood vessels, and plant tissues. Sausage was adulterated with intestine, connective tissue, smooth muscles, cartilage, blood vessels, fat, and plant tissue. This study confirms the availability of histological examination in detecting adulteration of meat products and parasitic infection.

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of turmeric rhizome powder (TRP) against the harmful effects of heat stress (HS) on some biochemical parameters and antioxidant status. Four groups were formed entirely from 72 one-day-old chicks with an initial body weight average of 45.0±3.0 g, including the basal diet: TNC: no supplements were added to the diet (control group); TN-TRP: 300 g TRP /100 kg of feed was supplemented; HS-control: no supplements were added, and the birds were exposed to heat stress; and HS-TRP: 300 g TRP/100 kg of diet was supplemented and the birds were exposed to heat stress) for 35 days. Heat stress groups were subjected to thermal stress (40.0± 5.0 ˚C) for 8 hours per day from the 21st day to the end of the experiment. At the end of the trial, four healthy birds were randomly selected from each group and slaughtered for sampling and analysis. The serum total protein, albumin, ALT, AST, uric acid, and urea were significantly decreased by the dietary TRP when compared with the HS-control group while creatinine was not affected significantly. The serum total lipid and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly dropped but catalase enzyme activity increased. The gene expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-α), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) were significantly increased by TRP addition. The results suggest that a TRP-supplemented diet affected some biochemical parameters and improved the antioxidant status and expression of studied genes.

The native breed of chicken is one of the most income-producing species in the poultry sector in the Egyptian governorate of Ismailia. Thus, the objective of the current study was to identify the collected parasites using a light microscope and estimate the prevalence and seasonal dynamics of the collected helminths using the newly introduced molecular biology methods. 120 chickens out of 170 recorded (70.59%) prevalence of helminth infestation during the period from September 2021 until the end of August 2022. Four nematodes with a prevalence of 44.12 %, which were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Subulura brumpti, Trichostrongylus tenuis, and four cestodes with 26.47 %, which were Raillietina tetragona, R. echinobothrida, Hymenolepis carioca, and Choanotaenia infundibulum. Eimeria spp. infestation (11.18%), which were E. tenella, E. maxima, E. mitis, and E. burnetti. Ectoparasites (15.88%) were Echidnophaga gallinacea, Lipeurus caponis, Menopon gallinae, Columbicola columbae, and Dermanyssus gallinae. The identities of the certainly recovered nematode and cestode species were confirmed by the blast test using DNA sequence data. Thus, it is advised to use the molecular approach as the primary methodology for the accurate identification of helminths, particularly in closely related species.

Chemical additives were found to be the most widely used and least expensive flavouring and preservatives for meat products, but they must be used within safe-permissible levels to protect customers from any negative effects. With reference to the most recent updates of the Egyptian standards, this study examines the levels of nitrite, phosphate, ascorbic acid, and monosodium glutamate as examples of chemical additives in one hundred and sixty random samples of raw minced meat, beef burgers, sausages, and frankfurters (40 of each), which were collected from different supermarkets located in Shibin Elkom city, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. While nitrite was not found in the minced meat samples, out of the analyzed samples, 92.5%, 97.5, and 100% of the tested sausage, burger, and frankfurter samples, respectively, were within the permitted limits (PL) (≤ 100 ppm) regarding their nitrite level. Furthermore, when it came to ascorbic acid PL (≤ 500 ppm), 72.5%, 100%, 87.5%, and 100% of the minced beef, sausage, burger, and frankfurter samples were within PL, respectively. Additionally, 100%, 90%, 95.0%, and 97.5% of the analyzed minced beef, sausage, burger, and frankfurter samples fell below the acceptable range for monosodium glutamate level (≤ 5000 ppm), respectively. Furthermore, the tested minced beef and sausage samples had no phosphate, whereas 72.5% of the investigated frankfurter samples were within the PL, and all of the studied burger samples were outside the PL (≤ 0.3%). So, it is advised to continuously monitor the meat production market and carefully enforce the safety requirements.

A critical natural chemical substance present in cannabis Sativa plants that may have therapeutic benefits is Cannabidiol or CBD. The inquiry was made to assess CBD's possible protection against liver injury. Fifty Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing (150±25g) were divided into five equal groups. Group I received distilled water orally, while Group II received an intraperitoneal injection of Doxorubicin (18 mg/kg bwt). Group III received CBD orally, while Group IV received 1 ml of CBD (26 mg/kg bwt) and Group V received Trimetazidine (10 mg/kg bwt), in addition to a single dose of Doxorubicin (18 mg/kg bwt) on the 11th day for both groups (IV, V). The results revealed that the administration of CBD (26 mg/kg bwt) demonstrated a significant improvement in lowering liver enzyme activity (ALT and AST), as well as an impact on decreasing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and MDA in liver tissue linked to liver histopathology results, resulting in an increase in serum levels of albumin, total protein, and oxidative stress parameters (SOD and GSH) in rats. In conclusion, Cannabidiol's potential protective properties may be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Thus, CBD-derived compounds have long saved interest as a cure for a broad choice of hepatic disorders .