The aim of this study was to determine withdrawal periods (WP) and tissue irritation after administration of three intramammary antibiotics [Curaclox LC (Norbrook (ARK AH)], Spectrazol Milking Cow (Schering-Plough AH) and Rilexine 200 LC [Logos Agvet (Virbac)] in goats with clinical mastitis. Withdrawal periods in goats with clinical mastitis treated with Curaclox LC, were not significantly different from those recommended for use in cows (72 h) with (67 h) or without (48 h) the 24 h mandatory safety margin while Spectrazol caused a significantly longer withdrawal period (122 h) than that recommended for use in cattle with (60 h) and without (36 h) the 24h safety margin. The withdrawal period of clinical mastitis cases treated with Rilexine 200 LC was 48 h compared to the 96 h recommended for use in cows. A linear model of regression with factors influencing the WP in goats with clinical mastitis was as follows : WP = 30.21 + 4.692 (sampling time) + 22.11 (udder pathology) - 13.6 (floccules) - 0.00649 (milk yield). Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) of milk from udder halves with clinical mastitis ranged from 7 053 x 103 to 7 948 x 103 cells per mℓ without isolations of bacteria and between 6 476 x 103 and 8 479 x 103 cells per mℓ with isolations of bacteria. Most of the variation in SCC could not be explained and the California Milk Cell Test (CMCT) and SCC on their own were not reliable methods for mastitis diagnosis. However, CMCT and SCC were indicators of udder irritation. In goats without clinical mastitis, Spectrazol Milking Cow caused the least tissue irritation followed by Rilexine 200 LC and Curaclox LC. For goats with clinical mastitis, Rilexine 200 LC caused the least irritation, followed by Curaclox LC while Spectrazol Milking Cow caused the most irritation.

The present work was conducted on 25 hearts of healthy donkeys of both sexes. Three methods were adopted to clarify the musculature of the ventricles; nitric acid method, acetic acid method and flour paste method. The ventricular myocardium was arranged into three layers: superficial, middle and deep. The superficial layer consists of eleven bundles arranged longitudinally from the base to the apex of the heart. Moreover, a thin subepicardial layer separated it from the epicardium. The middle layer on the right ventricle was horizontally oriented, while on the left ventricle it was represented by three bands; (A), (B) and (C). The deep layer on the right ventricle was formed of two bands (A) and (B) while on the left ventricle consisted of a single band (C), in addition to some fibers derived from the superficial layer. The intervrentricular septum was formed from fibers extended from the middle and deep layers. The papillary muscles were four in the right ventricle and two in the left one.

The phenogenetic and phylogenetic relationships among 7 identified strains of C. pseudotuberculosis isolated from sheep were checked by PCR specific primers demonstrated with random amplified polymorphic DNA – polymerase chain reaction (RAPD – PCR) by using five arbitrarily primers. C pseudotuberculosis isolates were distinguished according to the banding patterns of their amplified DNA on agarose gel. The variation can be used for diagnostic differentiation among C. pseudotuberculosis strains. Differences were observed in RAPD patterns between the 7 isolates and this may be due to the presence of novel serovars of this microorganism.

Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are responsible for the transmission of a large number of pathogens to livestock and wild animals. In this study the presence of the genus, using light traps based at four different sites within the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, was investigated during 2002-2004. In total, 37 species were recorded, including large numbers of Culicoides imicola Kieffer, 1913, which is responsible for the transmission of economically important arboviruses in South Africa, Europe, Middle and Far East. These results are discussed with reference to the wider Culicoides fauna in the Onderstepoort area of South Africa, their vector competence as well as biosecurity at the National Zoological Gardens.

The present study was carried out in dairy farms experiencing low reproductive efficiency. Blood samples were collected from 84 cattle and 16 buffaloes suffered from infertility problems for detection and titration of leptospiral antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Eleven standardized leptospira serovars were used as living antigens for this purpose. Sixteen (19.05%) and 2 (12.5%) samples were found positive for L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae for cattle and buffaloes respectively, with titers ≥1:200. Antibodies against L. interrogans serovar Pomona were detected in 8 (9.52%) and 2 (12.5%) in cattle and buffaloes respectively with titers ≥1:400. Two cattle (2.38%) and two buffalo (12.5%) samples were positive for L. interrogans serovar Djasiman. On the other hand, two cattle samples were positive for both L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. interrogans serovar Pomona. Second serum samples were rechecked for seroconversion from each positively reacted animal with 3-4 weeks interval.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the administration of active dry yeast and/or lactobacillus preparation (AVI-BAC), either before or after the infection with antibiotic resistant field strain of Escherichia coli O127 (E. coli O127) in controlling the severity of infection in quail chicks. The quail chicks of the different experimental groups were infected orally for two successive days with 3x107 CFU of E. coli O-127 as an individual dose. The used field strain proved to be highly pathogenic for quails. Probiotics were supplemented in the drinking water for the different treatment groups at a dose level of 0.5 gm/L. The results revealed that the inclusion of lactobacilli or active dry yeast before E. coli infection has been highly effective in reducing mortality rate, organ invasion and the number of E. coli positive quail chicks. In addition, it decreased the severity of macroscopic and microscopic lesions in different organs in the probiotic treated groups as compared to the infected controls. Lactobacilli preparations were more efficient in controlling the severity of the infection. On the other hand, the administration of yeast and /or lactobacilli after inducing E. coli infection reduced the mortality rate and the severity of lesion score in different organs but probiotics failed to protect quail chicks against the infection. It has been proved that the two probiotics have synergistic effect in controlling collibacillosis in quails.

A total number of 30 buffaloe calves aged between 1-6 months with body weight range of 100- 125 kg and belonged to private farms at Assiut Governorate constituted the materials of this study. Twenty of them showed the classical signs of hypomagnesaemia while the other ten buffaloe calves were proved to be healthy by both clinical and laboratory methods of examinations and used as control. Biochemical analysis of blood sera showed a significant hypomagnesaemia , hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia in diseased buffaloe calves when compared with the healthy ones, also fluctuation between the previous studied parameters either pre and post treated animals were evident. Meanwhile, blood serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio and GOT levels were fluctuated in diseased buffaloe calves or treated one when compared with the healthy control animals. Statistical analysis between studies parameters were carried out in buffaloe calves before and after treatment.

Polyclonal hyperimmune serum against Pasteurella multocida type A:5, A:8 and A:9 was prepared in boskat rabbits. The indirect haemagglutination test (IHT) showed that such serum had an antibody titer of 1114. The immunoglobulins in the prepared antiserum were precipitated using saturated ammonium sulphate solution. Its concentration was adjusted to be 18mg/ml in normal saline then it was conjugated with horse radish peroxidase and evaluated through the application of double sandwich ELISA. It was successful to detect Pasteurella multocida antibodies in positive serum samples with strong positive reactions up to a dilution of 1:100 of the prepared conjugate.In the present study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using random primer (E-20) was used to characterize and identify strains included in this study. Strains included 4 vaccinal reference strains of Pasteurella multocida, CU strain and 4 field isolates of Pasteurella multocida isolated from diseased turkeys which were identified biochemically and serologically as A:1, A:3, A3x4 and D:11. The obtained results revealed that all strains were reacted positively and in different manner with the E20 primer except the 2 field isolates. The results of these reactions demonstrated in terms of bands of different molecular weight specific to each strain. This can be used as a base for characterization and differentiation of strains involved in the present study as the 2 field strains A:1 and A:3 react with primer. Mouse protection test was performed by vaccination of mice with local fowl cholera oil adjuvant vaccine then challenge with virulent field strains A:1, A:3, D:12 and untypable isolates. Results revealed that the local fowl cholera adjuvant vaccine could protect mice against virulent challenge with A:1, A:3 and D:12 field strains but it could not be protect mice against untypable isolates

A total of 300 cross-bred dairy cattle in Beni-Suef and El-Fayoum Governorates were screened for bovine tuberculosis using single intradermal (SID) cervical tuberculin test. 18 out of 300 (6%) tested cattle were found tuberculin positive. Blood samples from the positive reactors were tested by ELISA. ELISA plates were coated by either bovine purified protein derivative (PPD) or short term culture filtrate (ST-CF) antigens. The test sensitivity was compared at different serum dilutions. At serum dilution of 1/40, all of the 18 tuberculin positive samples, (100%), were ELISA positive using both ST-CF and PPD antigens, but at 1/80 dilution, 13 (72.22%) and 12 (66.66%) samples; at 1/160, 11 (61.11%) and 11 (61.11%) and finally at 1/320, 10 (55.55%) and 9 (50%) were ELISA positive on using ST-CF and PPD as a coating antigens respectively

A disease characterized by papules, nodules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on teats and udder as well as drastic drop in milk production was seen among a cattle farm in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. A virus was isolated by inoculation of vesicle and scrap homogenate pool from infected cattle into the chorioallantoic membrane of specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs. The virus was identified by presence of pock lesions, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies on the chorioallantoic membrane, polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry of the inoculated membrane. A novel pathogenicity model was developed via ear pinna inoculation of Swiss mice. The virus produced vesicular and ulcerative lesions at the site of inoculation in inoculated mice. The virus identity was confirmed by the presence of intracytoplasmic viral antigens by immunohistochemistry