In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of intracameral mydriatic combinations on the pupil dilation (PD), intraocular pressure (IOP), heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). In this study 35 animals were divided into 5 groups. The first group (MSic) was phenylephrine hydrochloride (Mydfrin) and cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Sikloplejin),  the second group (TLic) was tropicamide (Tropamid) and 2% lidocaine,  the third group (BSS) was balanced salt solution. Cats were anesthetized, and all solutions were injected intracamerally. The fourth group (MSt) was phenylephrine hydrochloride (Mydfdrin) and cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Sikloplejin) and the fifth group (TLt) tropicamide (Tropamid) and 2% lidocaine were given by topically. During this research, the fastest onset of the mydriasis was numerically formed by first group. All intracameral groups were seen having longer duration of mydriasis compared to topical groups. Intraocular pressure decreased after anterior camera paracentesis in all intracameral procedures. In our study, time dependent changes of heart rate were found to be statistically significant in all groups. Our research observed that first and second group successfully created enough mydriasis (>10mm). In terms of pupil diameter, it has been proven that first and second group are usable alternatives administration, and no side effects on intraocular pressure, heart rate or mean arterial pressure.

Obstructive upper respiratory tract diseases are an important cause of poor performance in racehorses. Diagnosis of these diseases can be made easily by endoscopic examination. The aim of this study is to emphasize the frequently encountered obstructive respiratory tract diseases in the endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in thoroughbred Arabian and British racehorses and the importance of endoscopic examination in the diagnosis of these diseases. The study material consisted of 72 horses (37 Arabian, 35 British horses) between the ages of 2-7 who had no respiratory complaints at rest, but had low racing and training performance. No pathology was detected in 32 (44.44%) of 72 horses who underwent clinical and endoscopic examination. it was detected that 19 (47.5%) palatal instability, 10 (25%) dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), 8 (20%) pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, 2 (5%) laryngeal hemiplegia, 1 (2.5%) subepiglottic cyst of the remaining horses. As a result, it should be considered that there may be obstructive respiratory tract problems in horses that have a very good general health status at rest and show low racing and training performance. In addition, clinical examination in these horses should be supported by an upper respiratory tract endoscopic examination.

Zonulin, a well-recognized protein, is influencing the integrity of intercellular connections in the intestines. It has also been evidenced that heat stress (hS) might alter intestinal permeability. In the present retrospective field research the aim was to investigate the gastrointestinal permeability of calves exposed to hS (especially in summer) by determining serum zonulin levels and their relationship to seasonal dissipation among appearently healthy calves. As two different months represented 2 seasons, serum zonulin concentrations in January 2022 (at 20:00 pm 4°C and 08:00 am 10°C) and June 2022 (at 20:00 pm 19°C and 08:00 am 27°C) exhibited significant differences. Inter-group and intra-group comparison showed statistically significant differences (p=0.012) both in seasonal distribution and spatial distribution at different day/night times. When compared between the January and June groups, the mean zonulin levels (ng/mL) at 12 pm and 08:00 am in the January group were 28.04±12.49 vs. 11.55±8.45, respectively (p=0.012). On the other hand at June group the mean zonulin levels at 12 pm and 08.00 am were 58.54±19.16 vs 24.03±9.9, respectively (p=0.012). Obtained results should be cautiously subjected to interpretation, in which hS affect intestinal integrity and seasonal dissipation of circulating zonulin levels should be taken into consideration for intestinal health of calves.

Osteomyelitis is a severe bone disease that is difficult to treat and causes serious socioeconomic problems. This study aimed to examine the bioactivity of hesperidin in an in vivo Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis model. Total of 28 male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (n=7). Groups were designated as Group 1: Control group, Group 2: Sham group, Group 3: Osteomyelitis group, and Group 4: Treatment group (Hesperidin+Osteomyelitis). Unilateral tibial osteomyelitis was induced by administering arachidonic acid and 1×106 CFU-1 bacterial suspension through a hole drilled from the tibial crest. The rats in the treatment group were given hesperidin once a day by oral gavage for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated radiographically, biochemically, and histopathologically. The mean scores of intraosseous acute inflammation, intraosseous chronic inflammation, periosteal inflammation, and bone necrosis were evaluated histopathologically. The score was 0 in the control group, 0-2 in the sham group, 9-14 in the osteomyelitis group, and 2-6 in the treatment group. The median values of IAI, ICI, PI, BN, and total histopathological scores of the treatment group were significantly lower than the osteomyelitis group. Biochemically, oxidative stress increased significantly in the osteomyelitis model, however, it significantly decreased in the group treated with hesperidin. Nrf-2 translation levels increased by 0.2% in the sham group compared to the control group and decreased by 26% in the osteomyelitis group but increased by 42% in the treatment group compared to the osteomyelitis group. Compared to the control group, NF-kB translation levels increased by 6% and 21% in the sham and osteomyelitis groups, respectively. However, this value decreased by 9% in the treatment group compared to the osteomyelitis group. Radiographically, the combined score reduced by 65% in the treatment group in comparison to the osteomyelitis group. In conclusion, hesperidin showed anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing NF-kB and antioxidant activity by increasing Nrf-2, both of which play a role in inflammatory pathways. In light of all these findings, it can be said that hesperidin can be used as a potential therapeutic or an agent that can contribute to the treatment of osteomyelitis.

In this review, the use of some feed additives in the diets of ruminant animals is discussed. Brief information about the anatomy of the digestive system of ruminants and the metabolism of some nutrients in these animals are presented. In addition, summary information about some feed additives used in animal nutrition is given. Particularly detailed information about pre/probiotics among feed additives is presented, and the effects of S. cerevisiae, known as yeast, are discussed. In ruminant animals, unlike the monogastrics, feed additives, especially pre-and probiotics, are utilized to affect fermentation in the rumen. In addition, it is seen that it is used to increase immunity in pre-ruminants. However, it is obvious that more studies are needed on these issues.

Propolis is a resinous natural product produced by honey bees by mixing collected buds and exudates of plants with bee wax. Bees use propolis to protect themselves against wind and rain by using it to construct and repair hives. Propolis has a wide range of biological effects as it is a mixture of natural substances, and it is widely used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer effects. Propolis has been used in traditional medicine since time immemorial. Research studies on the anti-tumor effects of propolis extracts and components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and their esters demonstrate their potential to be used in the development of new anti-tumor agents. Propolis shows an anti-carcinogenic effect against cancers of the brain, head and neck, skin, breast, liver, pancreas, kidney, bladder, prostate, colon, and blood. In-vivo and in-vitro studies have shown that propolis has cytotoxic, anti-genotoxic or anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic, and proapoptotic properties. Its main mechanisms in cancer treatment can be explained as prevention of metastasis, arrest of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis and alleviation of harmful side effects caused by chemotherapy. The beneficial effects of natural products on human health have been reported in studies to prevent tumor formation and/or suppress the growth of tumors into cancer. In this review, detailed information about the properties, biological effects, and anti-cancer effects of propolis was given by reviewing current literatures.

The poultry industry is based on raising fast-growing chickens. In recent decades, several antibiotics have been employed as growth promoters in the chicken industry, but antibiotic use is banned in the poultry industry due to increased antibiotic resistance and negative impacts on human health. Scientists started searching for alternative antibiotic products as antibiotic resistance increased. Probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, plant extracts, etheric oils, and immunological stimulants are some of the alternatives. In recent years, these products have improved animal performance, increased animal productivity, prevented and controlled enteric infections, and reduced antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Artemisia, which is currently in scattered form in various research papers, and to draw the attention of experts throughout the world to the Artemisia species' untapped potential. Artemisia annua is also known as sweet wormwood, sweet Annie, and sweet annual wormwood (Chinese: qngho). It's a common wormwood species native to Asia's temperate zones. The active ingredient present in the Artemisia genus is Artemisinin, and chemically it contains both volatile and non-volatile constituents. Biological activities of the Artemisia genus include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-coccidial, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor effects. It has positive effects on growth performance, FCR, gut health, immunity, digestibility, and meat quality of broilers. In conclusion, Artemisia annua is the best alternative product for avoiding anti-microbial resistance in the poultry industry without compromising growth and production. This study aims to review the research conducted on the Artemisia genus.