Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly referred to as 'pinkeye,' is a prevalent ocular disease affecting cattle and caused by Moraxella bovis. Propolis, a natural substance collected by honeybees, is recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, along with its potential to promote wound healing and protect various organs. Given the substantial economic losses associated with IBK and the growing antibiotic resistance problem, this study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of propolis' ethanolic extract in managing IBK-induced eye lesions in cows under field conditions. One hundred infected cattle aged between 18 months to six years old, organized into four distinct groups (n=25). Group I was treated topically with propolis ethanolic extract dissolved in glycerin (1000 μg/mL) once daily for four days. Group II was treated topically with tetracycline ointment (1%) once daily over the same four days. Group III received glycerin treatment once daily for four days, serving as a solvent control substance. Group IV, designated as the untreated control group, received no therapeutic intervention. Propolis ethanol extract improved all cases within 18 days while tetracycline improved only 84% of cases within 21 days. Remarkably, no discernible indicators of improvement manifested in group III and IV by the twentieth day of the investigative period. Propolis ethanol extract was able to resolve IBK eye injuries more completely in a shorter period than tetracycline. Therefore, it can be considered a good alternative compared to other antibiotics.

Skin wound healing is a complex biological process in which the replacement of dead tissue by a vital one takes place. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical and histopathological modalities of Curcumin nanoparticles and (Platelet-rich plasma) application on excisional skin wound healing activity. Under complete aseptic conditions full-thickness (10 mm) artificial uniform skin wounds were created on the back of twenty anaesthetized male rats (divided into four groups; Control (Group A), Curcumin treatment (Group B), Platelet-rich plasma treatment (Group C), and Curcumin - Platelet-rich plasma treatment (Group D). Tissue sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, PAS, and Crossman trichrome for histopathological evaluation of the wound healing properties following the curcumin and PRP topical treatment. Significant skin regeneration including wound closure and histopathological healing was better in Curcumin nanoparticles and PRP treated groups compared to the control untreated one through better reepithelization and coaptation between the epidermis and dermal layers, more vascular angiogenesis, less inflammatory reactions, healthy granulation tissue and better collagen fibers density in the dermal layer. The obtained results proved an effective external therapeutic use of both Curcumin and PRP on cutaneous wound healing progression.

This study was conducted to identify the evidence and knowledge gaps in studies investigated mastitis, and quantify the prevalence of clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) in buffalo in Iraq. Databases used as search engines to track the studies included PubMed, CABI, IASJ, and Google Scholar. Additional pertinent studies identified via other methods were also considered for inclusion. Identified studies were divided into two main groups: (i) studies reported proportion of mastitis cases in lactating buffaloes, which were considered for meta-analysis; and (ii) studies that investigated presence of bacteria in milk sampled from buffaloes with different status of mastitis. A total of 17 studies were qualified for review; 9 reported proportion of mastitis episodes, and 13 isolated pathogenic bacteria in lactating buffalo milk. Prevalence of CM and SCM was 20.89% and 29.62%, respectively. The most isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus spp. (46.75%) followed by Streptococcus spp. and other miscellaneous bacteria at 32.96%, 19.04%, respectively. A substantial risk of bias was revealed in most of the identified studies. In conclusion, it is important to conduct further studies that apply standard epidemiological tools for estimating incidence and identifying risk factors of CM and SCM in buffaloes in Iraq.

Abscess is considered one of the most common surgical body surface swellings in farm animals. The recognition of the clinical, ultrasonographic and biochemical characters of abscesses is important in the management and control of this devastating swelling. One hundred twenty-two animals were selected out of two hundred and five animals presented abscesses in different body regions. The clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were carried out to verify the abscess development. The swabs and pus samples for bacteriological study were obtained before the surgical treatment once the abscess maturation was ascertained. The animals were normal clinically and there were no changes in the physiological parameters. The cattle represented the high percentage in abscess development (73.77%). The gluteal, umbilical and the subconjunctival regions were the common seats for abscess development. The size of abscesses varied from small orange to volleyball. In more than 90% of cases, the abscess was developed as a single lesion. The ultrasonographic examination showed that a well-demarcated echogenic wall for all abscesses, but its contents varied in echogenicity and homogeneity according to the type of abscess (acute or chronic) and its seat. Biochemically, a total two-hundred and ninety-two isolates were obtained which included eighteen single isolates and two-hundred and seventy-four mixed isolates. They included Corynebacterium and E. coli (n=40), S. aureus (n=38), S. epidermidis (n=36), Proteus (n=30), St. pyogenes (n=28), Neisseria (n=20), Bacillus subtilis (n=14), Bacillus cereus (n=12), Alcaligenes faecalis (n=12), Enterobacter aerogenes (n=10), Enterobacter aerogenes (n=6) and Klebsiella pneumonia (n=6). It could be concluded that there are multiple different species of micro-organisms could cause abscess formation in farm animals, and there is no specific micro-organism could be expected to be isolated from the abscess. Additionally, multiple different species of organisms could be isolated from the same abscess.

To declare the interaction between IBR vaccination and the synchronization protocol, dairy heifers (n= 24), 12.5-14.0 months old, were equally and randomly assigned according to the timing of vaccination into pre-synch group (vaccinated 3 days before synchronization), in-synch group (vaccinated five days after the start of the synchronization), and control (given sterile water same as treated groups). Ovarian and uterine ultrasound examinations were done on Day -3, 5, 8, 19 and 43. Blood samples were collected for measuring estradiol and progesterone levels after vaccination. The effect of IBR vaccination on ovarian activity appeared on Day 5 (P= 0.07) through decrease in the mean diameter of the growing follicles in pre-synch group compared to in-synch group, and on Day 8 through reduction of the total and growing follicular numbers (P= 0.05 and 0.03, respectively) in in-synch group compared to other groups. Estradiol levels were significantly (P=0.03) higher on day 8 (day of insemination) in the pre-synch group than the other groups. The uterine changes were characterized by a significant decrease in uterine diameters on Day 5 in the pre-synch group compared with control. The ventral uterine diameter in-synch group decreased on Day 5 (P= 0.015) and re-increased on Day 8 (P= 0.007 compared to control group. In conclusion, administration of IBR vaccination prior to synchronization may possess some impacts on the ovarian and uterine activities without major adverse reactions on reproduction. Therefore, vaccination timing is recommended to be at least three days away from the beginning of the synchronization protocol.

The thyroid gland of the mulard duck and turkey is a bilateral endocrine organ that is located in the thorax. The current study aimed to describe the topographical, anatomical and histological picture of the thyroid gland in ducks and turkeys. Eeighteen healthy adult males of ducks and Egyptian turkeys were selected. Gross morphology and histological analysis of thyroid tissue was performed. Grossly, thyroid glands appeared dark red oval bodies near the carotid artery. Histologically, glands contained thousands of follicles within a collagenous capsule. Follicle shapes ranged from spherical to elliptical. In ducks, follicular epithelium was squamous to cuboidal. In turkeys, epithelium was cuboidal to columnar based on activity. Colloid stained strongly positive in duck follicles but moderately to weakly in turkeys on PAS reaction. Connective tissue and follicular lining showed weak PAS positivity in both species. This study characterized thyroid gland location, gross anatomy and microscopic features in ducks and turkeys. Histological analysis revealed inter-species similarities and differences at the tissue and cellular level.

Fasciolosis, a hepatobiliary distomatosis affecting domestic ruminants and incidentally humans, poses a threat to both animal and public health, leading to substantial economic losses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle slaughtered in Tizi Ouzou, Algeria, and to describe the morphological and histological changes in the liver. A total of 376 bovine carcasses slaughtered between July 2018 and April 2019 underwent post mortem inspection, and corresponding livers were investigated for fasciolosis according to conventional meat inspection procedures. Twenty-six livers, found to be affected with fasciolosis, were sampled at five different sites for histopathological analysis using both hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome stain methods. The overall prevalence was 6.9% (CI 4.4-9.5%). Gross changes related to bovine fasciolosis, including size, color, and consistency abnormalities as well as the worms’ migratory path and distomian cholangitis, were not observed in the majority of the affected livers. Additionally, the infestation degree was low in 56.5% of the fasciolosis-affected livers. In contrast, numerous histopathological damages, including infiltrations, degeneration, necrosis, and fibrosis, were revealed in hepatic parenchyma, connective septa, portal region, and bile ducts throughout all the sampled liver tissues (P> 0.05). Hepatic involvement observed in both the acinus and portal lobule throughout their respective zones was quantified with a degree ranging from 25% to 100% (P> 0.05). Fasciolosis, a common disease in cattle slaughtered in Tizi Ouzou, induces irreversible hepatic tissue damage, thereby compromising the organoleptic and nutritional value of the liver, making it unfit for human consumption.

Natural herbal medicines such as ginseng have been reported to enhance testicular functions. This study investigates the effects of ginseng bulk and its nanoparticles on male reproduction. A total of forty male albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups, control (received physiological saline 1ml/day), Ginseng (Gin) 50 (administered with Gin powder 50 mg /kg BW/day), Ginseng 100 (administered with Gin powder 100 mg /kg BW/day) and Ginseng NPs30 (administered with Ginseng powder nanoparticles 30 mg /kg BW/day). We assessed body weight gain, testis weight, semen analysis, testosterone, LH, and FSH levels, as well as antioxidant biomarkers (catalase and malondialdehyde) after 8 weeks. Besides, histological examination, evaluation of spermatogenesis and androgen receptors expression were performed. our results showed increase in sperm concentration in Gin 100 group compared with control. Also, testosterone, LH and FSH levels were elevated significantly after administration of Gin 100 compared with Gin 50. Moreover, rats received Gin100 and Gin NPs 30 showed significant decrease in MDA level compared with the control group.  Histologically, all treated rats showed normal structured including seminiferous tubular architectures, presence of different stages of spermatogenesis, normal Sertoli and Leydig cells. However, the number of spermatozoa increased in Gin 50, Gin 100 and Gin NPs 30 respectively compared with control. Also, rats received Gin NPs 30 showed increase in diameter of seminiferous tubules compared with control. It can be concluded that normal testicular function can be structurally maintained and functionally enhanced by ginseng treatment principally by Gin NPs 30 administration.

Egg production is an important factor that helps to meet the nutritional needs of the growing populations in developing countries. Commercial egg production is a source of high quality protein and income compared to other livestock production activities. The study used a multiple regression profit model to estimate the effect of breeds and housing system on profitability. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected layer farms in (Al Sharkia and Ismailia) during the period from 2019 to 2022, through research questionnaires. Results showed that hen reared in closed system had higher egg production, higher total return than those reared in the opened system. Lohman breed are more tolerable to the Egyptian conditions in the study area as shown by lower mortality % and lower values of total veterinary management (TVM). Layer farms in the study area were operating in the second stage of production. Therefore, layer farms are considered a good investment for both private and government sectors.

Migratory birds are considered a vessel for preserving and transmitting microbes, which contribute with great force in transporting them from one place to another over long distances in the world. This would contribute to the emergence of disease pandemics globally and the most obvious example is the avian influenza (AI) epidemics over time. The most famous recent scenario is the AI pandemic that began in Hong Kong in 1990s. Natural resistance to AI helps migratory birds retain avian influenza viruses (AIVs) for long periods and transfer them from their source to many other countries during migration paths. Accordingly, they serve as a vector for the maintenance and introduction of both highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI and LPAI). Through this study, the subtypes of high- and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses found in migratory and wild birds in Egypt were identified, and the most important species of implicated birds were recognized since 1970s tell now. In the view of geoepidemiology of AIVs transmitted by migratory birds, we highlighted the main entry, gathering places and movement routes encountered either with free-living or domesticated birds. By reviewing the outcomes of previous studies over the past two decades, a total of 108 AIVs including 70 of the LPAI and 38 of the HPAI were isolated from migratory and free-living birds. Migratory birds topped the list with 91% of the LPAI and 79% of the HPAI. Interestingly, Damietta province had the highest rates of virus isolation; 81.3% and 40% for LPAI and HPAI viruses respectively, followed by Sharkia particularly in HPAIV (26.7) and both borders are with Lake Manzala. Two Anseriformes-migratory birds; Northern shoveler & Green-winged teal harbored more than 50% of the isolated AIVs. Therefore, we call for conducting annual screening of AIVs in spring and fall. Focusing on Anseriformes and recently proposed quails as vessels for AIVs’ mutations mainly in northeast Lakes’ border provinces for early detection and quick intervene and avoid their spread became an urgent need.