Salmonella enterica considered one of the most important food-borne pathogen. Biofilm formation considered one of the main problems related to S. enterica, in this study, biofilm formation, colony morphotype, cellulose and curli production genes of 19 Salmonella isolates were tested. The results showed that 85% of isolates produced strong biofilm and 15% of isolates produced moderate biofilm on polystyrene plate with 1/20 diluted TSB. Different colony morphotypes expressed saw, sbam, and rdar morphotype when cultivated on LB containing Congo red for monitoring cellulose and curli production. All S. enterica strains possess adrA, csgD and gcpA genes using PCR. Thus in this study all Salmonella isolates formed biofilm so they give increased tolerance for antimicrobial agents and disinfectant, which results in difficulty in the treatment of diseases and causing many problems in food industry as it becomes a persistent of source of contamination.

Biofilm formation and enterotoxin production represent major virulence factors of S. epidermidis. Also, biofilm formation is greatly associated with multidrug resistance. So the objective of the present study was to expand the current knowledge regarding the importance and virulence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant S. epidermidis originated from dairy food, food handlers and patients in a hospital, and highlight the possible transmission through foods and food handlers. Biofilm formation was evaluated phenotypically by the tube method and microtiter plate method and genotypically through detection of icaA and icaD genes, while S. epidermidis isolates were investigated for potential enterotoxin production through detection of enterotoxin encoding genes (sea, seb and sec). Among the investigated isolates, phenotypic and genotypic biofilm formation was confirmed in 78.4 and 66.7 % of the isolates, respectively. Regarding enterotoxin encoding genes, it was found that seb gene was the only prevailing gene in the three categories of samples with an incidence of 27.5 %. The findings of this study illustrated the prominent role that played by food handlers in transmission of virulent S. epidermidis to food and subsequently patients.

Food poisoning illness outbreaks brought about by pathogenic bacteria and/ or their toxins are yet worry of both shopper and food industry. Accordingly, one hundred and seventy-five samples were collected randomly, samples included frozen chicken breast, frozen chicken thigh, chicken luncheon, chicken burger and chicken frankfurter (35 of each), collected from different supermarkets in Cairo and New Valley governorate for incidence of Salmonella species and Bacillus cereus. Salmonella typhimurium was detected in percentage of 5.7%, and 2.9% in chicken breast and chicken thigh respectively, while Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from chicken breast and chicken thigh with the same percentage (2.9%), but Salmonellae as a whole failed to be detected in chicken burger, luncheon & frankfurter. On the other hand, Bacillus cereus was isolated in a percentage of 8.6 %, 8.6%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 11.4%, from chicken breast, thigh, burger, luncheon and frankfurter, respectively. Thus, it is important to control contamination of chicken meat in abattoirs with Salmonellae and Bacillus cereus to reduce the incidence of food borne infection to humans.

The aim of the present study was to monitor the testes and the accessory sex glands in ram during early non-breeding season with ultrasonography. A clinically healthy eight adult Egyptian Barki rams were used in this study to compare ultrasonographic and measurements of reproductive organs. A scanning technique based on multiple imaging of scrotal contents and also imaging pelvic urethra and accessory sex glands. The results revealed that scrotum circumference was 28.87±1.1 cm and the testicular parenchyma was homogeneous granular medium gray to dark gray. The mediastinum testis appeared as central white linear structure of greater echogenicity than testicular parenchyma. The tail of the epididymis was clearly visible, less echoic than the testicular parenchyma with a more heterogeneous structure. Ampulla appeared as a non-echogenic to hypoechogenic linear lumen. Vesicular gland appeared as a heterogeneous hypo-echogenic structure with irregular outline and circumscribed with echogenic line. The lumen of the pelvic urethra appeared as non-echogenic tube surrounded by moderately echogenic urethral muscle. Pars disseminata of prostate was seen spread along the lumen of the pelvic urethra. Bulbourethral glands appeared with variable echogenicity from hypo-echogenicity to moderate echogenicity. From this study, it could be concluded that the echogenicity and the biometry of accessory sex glands and testes are important parameters for the selection of breeding rams.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentages of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current study revealed that AgNPs and NaOCL were able to promote a significant reduction and removal of the mature biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and the antibiofilm efficiency increased with the increase of its contact times with the biofilms.

Pesticides are used extensively especially in developing countries like Egypt to control pest either in animal or in agriculture, which may lead to harmful residues in foods of animal origin. The current study was conducted to estimate the residue level of OC and pyrethroid in 320 beef and sheep samples (160each) collected from different shops at Beni-Suef governorate during summer and winter season. The collected samples were liver, muscle, kidney, and fat (80 each; 4o from each animal species).Among fourteen organochlorine compound examined, only Alpha HCH was detected in samples of cattle and sheep collected through winter season in a level below the MRL, while through summer season, only Alpha HCH and Delta HCH were detected in sheep samples in a level below the MRL. Pyrethroid pesticides residues represented by cypermethrin, deltamethrin, Es-fenvalerate, permethrin were not detected through winter season, while they were detected in muscles of cattle and fat of sheep through summer season, while Labdacyhalothrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, Meothrin were detected in most of examined samples from different species through winter and summer seasons, most of these results revealed higher mean level than the maximum residue limits . From these results most of OC could not be detected may be due to these compounds not used science 1970, on other hand pyrethroid it still used nowadays in Egypt either in agriculture or as spray in animals to control ectoparasites spatially in summer season.

A total of 225 samples were collected from suspected cases and they were 75 human samples (40 ear swabs, 29 vaginal swabs and 6 sputum samples) and 150 from broiler chickens for microbiological examination and fungal isolation, they collected from different areas in El-Fayoum and Beni-Suef governorates, from which 129 fungal isolates were recovered, 22 fungal isolates( 29.3%) were recovered from human; of which 15 isolates of ear swabs ( A.fumigatus 37.5%) while 7 (24.1%) A.fumigatus isolates were recovered from women, but there was no A.fumigatus recovered from sputum samples, as well as there were 53 A.fumigatus isolates (35.3%) recovered from broiler chicken. The antifungal activities of thymol and carvacrol oils against the recovered fungal isolates were tested using agar dilution method. Thymol and carvacrol oils completely inhibited the growth of different fungal isolates at concentrations of 1% and 0.1%. On the other hand, the concentration of 0.01% was too weak to inhibit the fungal growth, but it completely reduced the colour of the fungal colony converted it into white coloured arial mycelium. PCR assay using oligonucleotide primer that amplifying 250bp fragment in its Gene of A.fumigatus and A.niger was performed. Sequence analysis of two isolates of A.niger and A.fumigatus using its Gene was performed.

This study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of Avenanthramides (AVA) against testicular degeneration induced by cisplatin (CP) in rats. Thirty six male rats were equally divided into four groups: Group I served as control group, group II received intraperitoneal injection of CP at a dose of 7 mg/kg b.wt., group III received AVA (20 mg/kg b.wt.) daily for one week before injection of CP, group IV received only AVA. Administration of CP reduced sperm count, motility and viability, testicular weight and epithelial height. CP administration increased sperm DNA damage and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The level of glutathione peroxidase and testosterone hormone were decreased in CP group. Severe histopathological changes in testes of CP exposed rats were prominent. On the other hand, administration of AVA could improve the sperm viability, sperm count and testicular weight and reduced the degree of DNA damage in sperms. AVA reduced the level of MDA and the histopathological changes in testes. In conclusion, AVA can reduce the oxidative stress and ameliorate the degenerative changes in testes induced by CP.

Several reports have discussed possible bony morphological causes of fetlock pathology but without relating them to its morphometry. Radiographic measurement is widely used in constructing numerical databases of bone morphometry. Such measurements would not be reliable unless all factors affecting the radiographs were considered. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a specific dorsopalmar view (DP) for fetlock radiographic measurements, and then to develop reliable and repeatable fetlock parameters that represent fetlock conformation on those DP radiographs. Ten cadaveric forelimbs from ten adult horses were cut at the distal third of the radius and mounted in a normal posture for DP radiography. Specific features on fetlock bones were used as landmarks to identify the DP at zero degrees. Other bony features were selected as landmarks for developing fetlock parameters on these radiographs. Twenty-seven parameters were designed in the form of angles (12) and ratios (15). The repeatability and consistency of each parameter was tested. A specific fetlock DP view was determined at zero degrees based on certain landmarks. All angular and ratio parameters showed high reliability and consistency in their measurements. The established parameters provide an opportunity to test the relationship between fetlock morphometrics and performance, or the likelihood of certain pathologies.

The incidence of Salmonella species was determined in 1050 eggs including balady hen’s eggs, farm hen’s eggs and duck’s eggs (350 eggs each represented by 70 samples as every 5 eggs constitute one sample) and in 90 samples of egg-based products including mayonnaise, cream cake and custard (30 each) were collected from different localities in Assiut city, Egypt. Salmonella was recovered from 8.58, 5.72% of balady hen’s egg shells using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar and Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar, respectively and could be isolated from egg content in a percentage of 1.43% by XLD agar. Different serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from shells of balady hen’s eggs including S. typhimurium, S. anatum, S. infantis, S. kentucky while, S. enteritidis was the only serotype that recovered from both shell and content. In case of farm hen’s eggs, S. kentucky and S. infantis could be identified from positive shell and content samples, respectively at same percentage of 1.43% by using XLD agar. On the other hand, Salmonella could not be detected on SS agar from both shell and content of all examined samples. Concerning duck’s eggs 4.29 and 1.43% of shell samples were contaminated with Salmonella by using XLD and SS, respectively. While, 2.86 and 1.43% of examined egg content samples were positive using XLD and SS agar, respectively and S. typhimurium was the predominant serotype which isolated from both shell and content samples. While, S. infantis was recovered from shell only and S. kentucky was isolated from content only. Salmonella species were existed in 2 (6.66%) and 1 sample (3.33%) of the examined cream cake using XLD and SS agar, respectively while, none of the examined custard and mayonnaise samples were positive for Salmonella on both media. S. kentucky, S. shubra and S. enteritidis were isolated from the positive cream cake samples with an equal incidence of 3.33 % for each. Although XLD agar was found to be comparatively better in recovering Salmonella species than SS agar, the two media were found to be complementary to each other for recovering different Salmonella serotypes. Detection of common invA gene in all isolated Salmonella serotypes by PCR assay showed positive amplification of 284 bp fragment specific for the invA gene with total percentage of 100%. Screening of 12 isolates of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis, which were the most prevalent serotypes in the positive samples for stn, hilA and fimH virulence genes by multiplex PCR revealed varying distribution pattern. The public health hazards and the recommended measures required to prevent contamination of eggs and its based products by Salmonella were discussed.