Pectin industry generates a citrus pulp residue compounded by peduncle, endocarp, juice vesicles, columella, seeds and tiny fractions of epicarp and mesocarp of citrus fruits, denominated Wet Citrus Pulp (WCP), which has not yet been tested as food for lamb’s nutrition. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of partial replacement of ground corn by WCP in high-concentrate diets on the performance and hepatic enzyme concentration of feedlot lambs. Forty-two male lambs (15 Santa Inês and 27 ½ Dorper × Santa Inês), with 24.7 ± 1.5 kg of BW and 60 ± 5 d of age was assigned to a randomized complete block design. Within blocks (n = 14), lambs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 0WCP (control) – diet containing 75.5% ground corn without WCP; 20WCP – diet containing 20% WCP in replacement of ground corn, and 40WCP – diet containing 40% WCP in replacement of ground corn. The experiment lasted 70 days, which was split in 3 experimental periods (14 days of diets’ adaptation and 2 sub-periods of 28 days each). Statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of the SAS. Orthogonal polynomials for diet response were determined by linear and quadratic effects. There was a quadratic effect for DM, CP, ash, ether extract and NFC intake The highest DM and CP intake was observed for lambs fed 20WCP, however, the control diet increased the ash, ether extract and NFC intake. The increased levels of WCP decreased the ADG and feed efficiency (FE) during the adaptation period, however, did not affect the ADG and FE on periods 1 and 2. Consequently, the increased levels of WCP inclusion decreased linearly the BW. There was no effect of WCP inclusion in diets on Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) concentration. However, there was a linear increase for Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) concentration during the adaptation period, but without difference in other periods. In conclusion, adding up to 40% of WCP in finishing diets for feedlot lambs decrease performance during adaptation period, compromising the final body weight, but without damages effects on liver enzymes.

The occurrence of leptospirosis is significantly higher in the tropical climate than in temperate regions, especially in periods with high rainfall levels. In horses, leptospirosis can range from subclinical to asymptomatic but maintains an important role in the transmission of leptospirosis by eliminating the agent in the environment. Regarding horses, the Amazonas herd increased by 30% between 2004 and 2013. Thus, the study aimed to determine the serological prevalence of leptospirosis in horses in Manaus and metropolitan regions, in the State of Amazonas, Brazil as well as to assess the main serogroups involved in the infections of these animals. For this purpose, from August 2018 to July 2019, serum from 198 horses was evaluated through the microscopic agglutination test with a panel of 10 serogroups. As a result, 92 horses (44.46%) were found to be positive for one or more Leptospira serovars, with the highest prevalence of serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes. Therefore, with the increase in the equine herd in the region and, consequently, greater interaction between breeders and animals, the identification of reagents to at least one serovar of Leptospira spp. signals the possible existence of reservoirs of pathogenic strains for other animals and man.

This study was carried out to evaluate the anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and sedative effect of lidocaine, medetomidine and lidocaine-medetomidine used for intravenous regional analgesia (IVRA) in the hind limb of goats. The anatomical venous map of the pes region was evaluated. Twenty-one mature native female goats were allocated to this study. They were divided into two groups: The first group (n.= 6) was subjected to anatomical evaluation and the second group (n.= 15) was randomly divided into three equal subgroups, which were subjected to the technique of IVRA. The animals received lidocaine HCl (LID), medetomidine HCl (MED), and combination of the two drugs (LID-MED) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd subgroups respectively. The anesthetic score and cardiorespiratory values were recorded at the baseline (0), and at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 45 minutes post anesthetic injection and at 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after removal of the elastic tourniquet. The results revealed that the venous networking in the dorsal aspect of the pes composes of two metatarsal veins in four specimens and three veins in two specimens, which unite at the proximal third of the metatarsal to form a single vein. The onset of desensitization was 12.0±6.0 seconds in LID and LID-MED subgroups. The duration of sedation was 85.0±12.0 minutes (MED) and 91.0±10.0 minutes (LID-MED). The anesthetic score was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in LID and LID-MED subgroups. Marked bradycardia and increased respiratory rate were observed in MED and LID-MED subgroups. It could be concluded that the lidocaine-medetomidine combination that used for intravenous regional anesthesia in goats gives satisfactory results regarding to the sedative and anesthetic effects.

A volvulus is a twisting of the intestine on its mesenteric axis that could result in bowel obstruction and ischemic injury. Here the authors report a case of intestinal volvulus in a 20 years old captive hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius, Linnaeus, 1758), the first well described case in this specie. The animal died suddenly after a previous history of diarrhea. At post mortem examination the animal presented a good body condition and abdominal distention. Upon opening of the peritoneal cavity, a large twisted segment of small intestine was observed. The segment rotated on its mesenteric axis and was dilated with gas and fluid and with dark red coloration, due to hemorrhage. The cause of death was intestinal volvulus. Its diagnosis is a challenging to veterinary surgeons due to the progressive onset of the symptoms that can delay the both diagnosis and the treatment thus resulting in progressing to the acute fulminating type with bowel infarction and death.

This study was carried out to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of yeast-based Zn, Se, and Cr on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune response, and histomorphological changes in broiler chickens. A total of 1092 one-day-old unsexed broilers of Ross 308 strain were randomly allocated into two equal treatment groups (6 equal replicates/ group). Birds were fed the dietary treatments from day 1 to day 35 of age. The first group was fed a basal diet without yeast-based Zn, Se and Cr supplementation (control). The second group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 mg, 0.15 mg and 2 µg / kg diet of Zn, Se, and Cr, respectively. The yeast-based Zn, Se and Cr increased (P<0.05) the growth rate, carcass traits and improved feed conversion ratio compared to control. The antibody titer against avian influenza and the relative weight of bursa, thymus and spleen were increased (P < 0.05) in broilers supplemented with yeast-based Zn, Se, and Cr compared with the control. The intestinal villi height and crypt depth and bursa diameters were increased in broilers fed the yeast-based Zn, Se and Cr supplemented diet. In addition, there was an increase in the lymphocytic infiltration in the bursa and a decrease in germinal centers in the submucosal lymph nodules of the ileum of birds supplemented with yeast-based Zn, Se and Cr compared to the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of yeast-based Se, Cr, and Zn in combination could improve growth performance, carcass traits, immune responses and histo-morphological parameters in broiler chickens.

A clear understanding of the pulmonary morphology of domestic animals is essential for the recognition and investigation of any anatomical variations. The right and left lungs of small ruminants and dog are separated into distinct lobes by inter lobar fissures. The right lung in these animals typically divides into 5 and 4 lobes, respectively. However, the left lung divides into 3 lobes. We report a case of congenital absence of the middle lobe of the right lung of a sheep and extra lobation in the left lungs of two dogs in Trinidad. This case report is of value to veterinary radiologists, pathologists, and veterinary public health inspectors during examination and investigation of the thoracic cavity of the sheep and dog.

The present study was conducted to determine serum concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and selenium (Se) of Barki sheep reared in the rainfed area at Matrouh Governorate, Egypt. Forty apparently healthy Barki sheep (2-4 years of age) were randomly selected from Marsa Matrouh and El Negaila farms (twenty each) for this study. In addition to twenty healthy Barki sheep aged 2-4 years, obtained from Borg El Arab farm, represented as control. Animals classified into 3 groups according to water source: Borg El Arab as control (Tap water); Matrouh (Rainfall water); El Negaila (Rainfall Water). Water and serum samples were prepared for the detection and estimation of selected metals by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Metal analysis revealed that Pb levels in different water samples were recorded above the EWQS of 0.01 ppm in following: El Negaila > Matrouh > control, Cd levels were recorded in El Negaila (RW) and Matrouh (RW) above recommended limit of 0.003, Se levels were recorded above maximum limit EWQS of 0.01 ppm in control (TW) followed by El Negaila and Matrouh however the levels of Cu, Zn, and Fe from the surveyed areas were below EWQS limits. Serum mineral analysis, Pb level was significantly increased only in examined sheep of El Negaila, Cd levels were higher in examined sheep of El Negaila and Matrouh however, Cu, Zn, and Fe levels were significantly lower compared to the control group. Conclusion: water analysis showed that Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations were within the levels recommended by EWQS except for Pb, Cd and Se levels which need more attention. Serum analysis revealed high levels of Pb, Cd, and Se however deficient to marginal levels of Zn and Cu were detected in examined sheep. These results should provide a database for the mineral status of Barki sheep and their drinking water quality in Matrouh and El Negaila as well as evaluate environmental pollution status in this area.

The study aimed to investigate the presence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in pneumonic lung tissues from clinically apparently healthy sheep and goats and further demonstrating its prevalence in Gezira state, central Sudan. During March 2019, 99 pneumonic lung samples were collected from apparently healthy sheep (80) and goats (19) from Al-Hasaheisa slaughterhouse located in Al-Hasaheisa locality, Gezira state. Using the haemagglutination (HA) test for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antigen, an overall antigenic prevalence of 86.9% was demonstrated in sheep and goats lung tissue homogenate. Of note, the prevalence of PPRV is higher in goats (100%) compared to sheep (83.7%). In this study, the reported increasing prevalence of PPR in central Sudan might be because of insufficient vaccination of animals. The findings of the present study indicated the widespread of PPR amongst sheep and goats in Al-Hasaheisa, Gezira state. Detection of PPRV antigen in the pneumonic lung samples is an indication of exposure of these animals to PPRV or presence of PPR viral infection and demonstrates the role of PPR as the cause of pneumonia in small ruminants. In fact, the circulation of the virus in clinically apparently healthy animals poses a threat for other in-contact susceptible animals and could play a significant role in the spread of the disease.

`           In Egypt, scarce literature on helminthosis in aquatic birds, particularly ducks, were reported. Therefore, the current study was conducted to explore the prevalence of helminth infections, and the associated histopathological alterations, in domestic ducks in Beni-Suef, Egypt. Accordingly, a total of 510 ducks (260 native, 150 mallard and 100 Muscovy) were collected from villages and local markets to screen the gastrointestinal helminthosis during the period from October 2018 to November 2019. It was found that the overall prevalence was 13.92% (71/510). Among those, 11 (2.16%) ducks had mixed infections. The recovered species were 8 tapeworm species and 5 nematode species. Among tapeworms, Raillietina tetragona was the most prevalent (1.96%; 10/510) followed by R. cesticillus (1.57%; 8/510), Amoebotaenia cuneata (1.18%;6/510), Cotugnia digonopora (0.98%;5/510), R. echinobothrida (0.78%; 4/510), Hymenolepis apodemi-like (0.78%; 4/510), Choanotaenia infundibulum (0.59%; 3/510) and H. carioca (0.39%; 2/510). Among nematodes, the most prevalent species was Ascaridia galli (5.10%; 26/510) followed by Heterakis gallinarum (1.76%; 9/510), Subulura brumpti (0.59%; 3/510), Trichostrongylus tenuis (0.2%; 1/510) and Epomidiostomum uncinatum (0.2%; 1/510). The highest prevalence was recorded in native breed, while the lowest was in Muscovy ducks. Seasonally, the highest prevalence was detected in autumn and summer, while the lowest infection rate was recorded in winter. Histopathologically, diffuse degenerative changes and necrosis of intestinal mucosa as well as hyalinosis of the muscular layer were predominant. Further studies on other aquatic birds in Egypt are urgently demanded to verify helminth parasites posing on the associated risk factors to minimize economic losses resulted from mortalities induced by those parasitic infections. Moreover, regular control programming including effective treatment is highly recommended.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of crude glycerin (CG) on the diet of goats in feedlot, in terms of intake and nutrient digestibility, performance, feeding behavior, and metabolic profile. Forty castrated male goats with breed undefined and an average initial body weight of 19.7±2.3 kg were used. The experimental diets consisted of inclusion of CG at 0, 6, 12 and 18 % (based on DM). The DM (g/day), DM (g/kg), organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, non-fiber carbohydrate, total digestible nutrients, and water intakes were decreased linearly with increasing CG levels, whereas ether extract intake increased linearly. The daily time spent (%) and average duration of events (h/d) for rumination presented a linear increase, although reduced for idling, as well as feeding and rumination efficiencies. The inclusion of CG did not affect the final body weight, total weight gain, and average daily gain. Serum cholesterol concentration presented a linear increasing effect. However, beta-hydroxybutyrate level was reduced. Crude glycerin containing 63.06% glycerol may partially replace corn and be included at a concentration of up to 18% of dry matter in the diet of finished goats in feedlot when moderate weight gains are desired, especially beneficial in semiarid regions.