The bactericidal efficiency of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) was evaluated against bacteria isolated from surface and ground water samples in Egypt. The AgNP were synthesized by typical one-step synthesis protocol, and were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The bactericidal efficiency of AgNP was evaluated by its application in three concentrations i.e., 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 ppm to water sample, and allowed to interact with bacteria for different duration e.g., 5 min 15 min, 30 min, 1 h and 2 h. Then, the bactericidal efficiency of AgNPs was determined by comparing the counted bacteria before and after the treatments. Higher mean values of total bacterial count (TBC), total coliform count (TCC), and total streptococcal count (TFS) were detected in surface water than in ground water. Also, the results showed that TBC, TCC and TFS exceeded permissible limits. Application of AgNP at different concentration, the number of bacteria in TBC was significantly reduced in all AgNP-exposed samples as compared to the control group (p<0.05). The highest concentration of AgNP exhibited highest bactericidal efficiency in TBC, where, after two hours, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 mg/L AgNP was found to be sufficient to inhibit 91.85, 89.14 and 74.92%, and 92.33, 85.23 and 53.17% in TBC of surface and ground water, respectively. Moreover, the inhibition efficiency of the highest concentration (0.1 ppm) against TCC reached to 98.10 and 99.88% in surface water and 95.54 and 99.20% in ground water after 1 h and 2 h, respectively. Similar results were found against TFS count. The AgNPs were found to be effective against bacteria of water origin. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b79

The present study was designed to evaluate the polyherbal topical aerosol spray Wisprec® Advanced (M/S. Natural Remedies Private Limited, India) as a supportive therapy for clinical mastitis in dairy cows. A total of 41 dairy cows suffering from clinical mastitis were selected, and Wisprec® Advanced was sprayed on mastitis affected quarters of udder two times a day along with a parenteral antibiotic till complete recovery. The rectal temperature, pain on palpation of udder, swelling of udder, consistency of milk, recovery period and product satisfaction score were assessed to evaluate the efficacy of Wisprec® Spray. Topical application of Wisprec® Advanced Spray have shown a significant improvement (P<0.001) in alleviation of rectal temperature, pain on palpation of udder and swelling of udder, and the consistency of milk was restored to normal after 3 to 4 days of treatment. The results demonstrate that the Wisprec® Advanced spray could be considered as an alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as a supportive therapy for clinical mastitis of dairy cows. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b87

Heads of sheep (n=180) and goats (n=120) slaughtered at four regions (Labraq, Shahat, Elbeida, and Masa) of Green Mountain areas in Libya were investigated for the  presence  of  larvae  of  Oestrus  ovis.    The  animals were  divided  into  sex  and  age  groups.  The  heads were cut along longitudinal and sagittal axes, and the larvae (L1, L2, and L3) were collected. The infestation rate  was  significantly  higher    in  sheep  (51.66%; n=93/180) as compared to goats (28.33%; n=34/120). In sheep, the rate was higher during May (100%), while in  goat,  it  was  higher  during  August  (70%).  The incidence of L1 peaked in April (90%) for sheep and October  (100%)  for  goats,  while  L2  reached  to maximum in May for sheep (26.95%) and goats (75%). L3 reached to peak in February (50%)  for sheep, and June (25%) for goats. Mean intensity of larval burden was  higher  in  sheep  than  goat,  reaching  to  peak  in June  (9.1  larvae/head)  for  sheep  and  March  (3.5 larvae/head)  for  goats.  The  infestation  rate  was significantly higher in males than females. The older animals were mostly affected as compared to younger animals.  Highest  infestation  rate  was  recorded  in Masa  (45.83%),  and  the  lowest  rate  was  found  in Labraq (40.27%). In conclusion, these findings may be used in designing the control strategies of myiasis in Libya.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b105

Buffaloes  mostly  suffer  from  delayed  puberty, anestrus,  sub–estrus,  summer  infertility,  prolonged inter-calving  interval  and  postpartum  uterine disorders.  Nesfatin-1  and  Leptin  are  directly  or indirectly  related  with  body  weight  (BW),  feed parameters  and  regulation  of  puberty.  The  objective of  this  study  was  to  investigate  the  influence  of Nesfatin-1  and  Leptin  in  pubertal  and  non-pubertal Murrah  buffalo  heifers.  The  Murrah  buffalo  heifers (n=13) were randomly selected and divided into two groups; pubertal group (PG) and non-pubertal group (NG). Heifers with plasma progesterone (P 4 ) level of ?1 ng/mL were classified as PG. Blood samples were collected at fortnight intervals for analysis of plasma Nesfatin-1,  Leptin,  P 4 ,  glucose  and  non-esterified fatty acids. Body weight, dry matter intake and feed conversion  efficiency  were  recorded  at  fortnight intervals.  The  mean  (±SEM)  plasma  Nesfatin-1, Leptin,  P 4 ,  BW  and  feed  conversion  efficiency  (%) were significantly (P<0.01) higher in PG as compared to  NG.  Dry  matter  intake  by  the  heifers  was  also significantly (P<0.001) higher in PG than NG. Plasma metabolites  (glucose  and  NEFA)  did  not  differ significantly between the groups. The findings of this study  suggest  that  Nesfatin-1  and  Leptin  have indispensable role in the onset of puberty in buffalo heifers by affecting BW and feed parameters.  http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b107

In  Nigeria,  knowledge  on  the  epidemiology  of diseases  of  dogs  is  limited.  A  retrospective  study  of data from clinical records of six veterinary clinics was undertaken  to  determine the  incidence  of  disease in owned dogs in Delta State, Nigeria from 2012 to 2014. Association between the diagnosed diseases and the studied  variables  was  explored  using  Chi-Squared test  statistics.  This  study  revealed  that  most  of  the conditions  presented  to  the  veterinary  clinics  were preventable.  Thirty-one  (31)  clinical  conditions  were diagnosed  from  571  cases  recorded,  involving nonspecific  (21.6%),  infectious  (70.9%;  P=0.001)  and non-infectious  (7.5%)  diseases.  The  most  occurring clinical  conditions  comprised  helminthoses  (21.4%), mange (10.5%), parvovirosis (8.4%), babesiosis (7.9%), septicemia  (7.2%),  gastroenteritis  (7.0%),  myiasis (7.0%),  trauma  (6.3%),  poisoning  (6.0%), ectoparasitism  (3.7%),  ascites  (2.5%),  dermatitis (2.3%),  aural  hematoma  (1.2%),  and  orchitis  (1.1%). Disease  incidence  was  highest  in  Alsatian  (40.3%), mixed/cross (33.1%), Rottweiler (7.0%) and toy breeds (4.6%). Details on the least occurring diseases and the association between disease and the studied variables are given. The outcomes demonstrate the prevalence of  the  clinical  conditions  diagnosed,  inadequate husbandry  and  veterinary  care  accorded  to  owned dogs  in  the  State.  Education  of  dog  owners  on preventive  measures  is  paramount  in  alleviating some of these health problems. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b115

This  study  was  undertaken  for  isolation, identification  and  determination  of  antibiogram profile of Aeromonas hydrophila in farm raised fresh water  prawn  (Macrobrachium  rosenbergii)  on  five commercial  ghers.  Fresh  water  prawns  (n=25)  were collected from five ghers located at Satkhira, Bagerhat and  Khulna  districts  of  Bangladesh.  Brain  (n=25), muscle  (n=25)  and  intestine  (n=25)  samples  were collected  aseptically  from  fresh  water  prawn  and inoculated  into  alkaline  peptone  (APW)  water  for enrichment  at  37 ?   for  8  h.  Enriched  cultured  was streaked  into  Thiosulfate  Citrate  Bile  Salt  Sucrose (TCBS)  agar  to  isolate  bacteria.  Bacteria  were identified  by  cultural,  Gram  staining,  biochemical properties  and  polymerase  chain  reaction  (PCR) assay.  The  antibiogram  profiles  of  bacteria  were investigated  against  5  commonly  used  antibiotics (Gentamicin,  Cefalexin,  Ampicillin,  Azithromycin and  Ciprofloxacin)  by  disc  diffusion  method. Thirteen  A.  hydrophila  isolates  were  identified  and the  prevalence  of  the  A.  hydrophila  in  fresh  water prawn  was  17.33%.  All  13  (100%)  isolates  were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Azithromycin and resistant to Ampicillin and Cefalexin. The results of  this  study  indicate  that  farm  raised  fresh  water prawn  harbor  multidrug  resistant  A.  hydrophila which  might  causes  public  health  problem  if  enter into human food chain.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b120

This  case  report  describes  the  necropsy  findings  of two  potentially  zoonotic  parasites  infecting  the Philippine  brown  deer  (Cervus  mariannus)  in  Leyte Island,  Philippines.  A  female  deer  aging approximately  5-year  was  presented  for  necropsy  to the  Diagnostic  Laboratory  at  the  College  of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University. Gross pathology  was  recorded  and  the  selected  organs having  lesion  were  collected  for  histopathological studies. Results showed severe necrotizing lesions in the nasal and palatal areas, infestation of calliphorid maggots,  hepatic  fibrosis,  cholangitis,  cholecystitis, lung atelectasis and duodenitis. Heavy ruminal fluke infection was also observed. Two potentially zoonotic parasites  namely  Fasciola  gigantica  and  Sarcocystis spp.  were  identified.  The  Philippine  brown  deer appears  to  have  a  role  in  transmission  and amplification  of  zoonotic  parasites,  and  can  also  be threatened by diseases caused by the parasites.http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b110