Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an acute, arthropod-borne disease of cattle. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of fever, high morbidity and very low mortality. Recovery occurs within three days of the onset of clinical signs. BEF is an important viral disease of cattle in Egypt so the live attenuated BEFV vaccine which is inactivated just before inoculation by reconstitute in PBS containing saponin. is extensive used for the prevention and control of the disease. Different assays were applied in the current study to quality control evaluate of that produce vaccine by detection of viral identity and viability before and after reconstitution by using real time quantitative reserve transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and clinical findings (Body temperature and clinical signs) and potency by measuring the humoral immune response by serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA and cellular immune response by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) using ELISA kit and Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and also by lymphocyte cell proliferation assay using tetrazolium salt(XTT).

Omphalitis is a major cause of increased first week-chick mortality. Omphalitis, navel-yolk sac infection, is a hatchery-born disease, and also known as ‘mushy chick disease’ or ‘navel ill’. It is a common disease of chicks and poults, often artificially hatched chicks, causing high losses in the brooding period, as a bacterium penetrates the porous egg shell. As incubation conditions are suitable for bacterial growth and incubating eggs as well, various bacteria, such as E. coli, staphylococci, Proteus, Clostridium fecali and Pseudomonas may be involved in the yolk sac infection. The present study aimed to determine bacterial causes of omphalitis through isolation and identification of such pathogens. Therefore, samples from 216 yolk sacs were collected from chicks with unabsorbed yolk materials that could even smell putrid. Among those, 196 (90.7%) were positive; 135 (62.5%) harboured single bacterial strains and 61 (28.2%) had mixed infections. The most prevalent single bacterial isolates were E. coli (110 isolates) and P. aeruginosa (11 isolates). Meanwhile, the most predominant mixed bacterial strains were E. coli with Salmonella spp. (16 isolates; 7.4%) and E. coli with P. aeruginosa (13 isolates; 6%). Other mixed infections were found in low percentages. Most E. coli strains were Congo red-positive and non-haemolytic. Different E. coli serogroups were serologically identified including O27 (4 isolates; 20%), O157 (3isolates; 15%), O26 (3 isolates; 15%) and one isolate of each of the following; O78, O6, O125, O44, O15, O115, O25, O168, O112 and O63 (each of 5%). Different Salmonella serogroups were identified including S. cremieu (2 isolates) and one isolate of each of the following S.enteritidis, S. blegdam, S. senftenberg, S. kingston and S. emek.

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease causing approximately 6% of total human deaths. Its economic losses are not only a reduction of 10-20% in milk production and weight, but also infertility and condemnation of meat. Many serological tests are applied for detection of tuberculosis. ELISA test has the highest sensitivity and specificity than the other serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several forms of new technology were brought into the diagnostic approach to mycobacterial infection. The aim of this work was to detect bovine tuberculosis by application of different traditional tests and PCR. Tuberculin skin test was applied on 2650 cattle, only 63(2.4%) were positive. Forty eight (76.2%) of the slaughtered positive animals showed visible lesions (VL) while the other 15 (23.8%) had non-visible lesions (NVL). Bacteriological examination of 10 selected tuberculin positive samples revealed M. bovis from 6 processed samples (60%) while PCR and ELISA assays revealed positive in 8 cases (80%) and 7 cases (70%), respectively. It was concluded that PCR test is more sensitive and specific test to confirm the infection with tuberculosis.

In the current study, a total of 20 and 78 milk samples were collected from animals showed signs of clinical and subclinical mastitis, for isolation and identification of different causative pathogens in some dairy farms of Beni-Suef Governorate, and for investigation of in vitro sensitivity. The recovered microorganisms were Staphylococcus species (n=79; 80.61%), Enterococcus spp. (n=28; 28.57%), CAMP negative Streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=7; 7.14%), E. coli (n=3; 3.06%) and Proteus vulgaris (n=1; 1.02%). Antibiogram profile for S. aureus showed that the most effective drug was vancomycin and the least was penicillin. Trials were done to detect biofilm production for recovered isolates of S. aureus (n=23) by the use of a phenotypic method (Congo red agar, CRA) and genotypic methods through determination of some biofilm related genes using PCR. All recovered S.aureus isolates were seeded on the CRA media to detect the biofilm forming ability. It has been found that all tested isolates showed a biofilm forming ability either strong (13; 56.52%) or intermediate (10; 43.48%). The detection of some biofilm associated genes (icaA, icaD and bap genes) using polymerase chain reaction revealed that two (10.53%) isolates out of 19 were negative for all tested genes, 16 (84.21%) isolates harbored both icaA and icaD gene, while only one (5.26%) isolate had all tested genes.

Temporary quarantine stations (TQS) are transitory premises that havebeen approved to facilitate the quarantine of imported live animals in Malaysia. These stations must abide to the standard operating procedures (SOP) for animal quarantine as outlined by the veterinaryauthority in Malaysia. However, the level of awareness for the quarantine procedures among the TQS operators and managers has not been assessed. This study was conducted to describe thedistribution of the TQS in 2012-2013 and the level of awareness among its operators on the quarantine procedures and the fundamental requirements for quarantine establishments. Eight TQS from 25 wereselected and operators or managers were interviewed using a questionnaire and the facility was visited. The study found thatmajority (82.5%) of the TQS operators were aware of the quarantine procedures but the auditors from the veterinary authorityrevealed vice versa.

Ovary plays a vitalrole in the reproductive biology andbiotechnology of female animals. In thisstudy, both the right and left ovaries ofthe Black Bengal goat were collected fromthe slaughter houses of different Thanasin the Mymensingh district. For each ofthe specimens, gross parameters such asweight, length and width were recorded.Then they were processed and stained withH&E for histomorphometry. This studyrevealed that the right ovary (0.53 ± 0.02g) was heavier than the left (0.52 ± 0.02 g).The length of the right ovary (1.26 ± 0.04cm) was lower than the left (1.28 ± 0.02cm) but the width of the right (0.94 ± 0.02cm) was greater than the left (0.90 ± 0.03cm). The diameter of ovarian follicles inthe cortex was measured as primordial 39.6± 6.61 µm, primary single layer 54.0 ± 4.06µm, primary multi-layer 147.6 ± 11.04 µm,secondary with C-shaped antrum 449.5 ±75.71 µm and graafian 1.3 ± 0.20 mm. Inthe graffian follicle, the thickness of thegranulosa cell layer was 79.2 ± 11.04 µm,theca interna 75.76 ± 6.82 µm, theca externa130.07 ± 12.53 µm and the oocyte diameterwas 109.8 ± 5.75 µm. These results will behelpful to manipulate ovarian functions insmall ruminants

The study was conducted toknow the anatomy of the brachial plexus ofWhite New Zealand Rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus). Ten healthy male and femaleWhite New Zealand rabbits were dissectedin this study. It was found that the brachialplexus of the White New Zealand Rabbitwas formed by ventral branches of C5,C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2 spinal nerves.The cranial trunk was formed by thecaudal branch of C5, C6 and caudal trunkformed by rami ventralis of C7, C8, T1and the cranial branch of ventral ramusof T2. Cranial pectoral nerve originatedfrom the caudal trunk spreading into thepectoral muscles. The musculocutaneousnerve innervates into the brachial muscleand the axillary nerve into the subscapularmuscle. The radial nerve was dividedinto two branches as ramus profundusand ramus superficial then divided intothe digital dorsal common III and IV.The thoracodorsal nerve innervates thelatissimusdorsi muscle. The median nervewas divided into digital dorsal commonI, II, III and IV nerves. The ulnar nerveformed the caudal cutaneous antebrachialthen digital dorsal common IV and Vnerves. Lateral thoracic and caudal pectoralnerves originated from the caudal trunk.The origin and distribution of brachialplexus resemble that of porcupines butdiffer from other mammals.

This is a case report ofa captive female green peafowl (Pavomuticus) that was presented with severescaly legs with raised encrusted scaleson both legs. Diagnosis of scaly leg mitewas made based on history, clinical signs,and results of parasitological examinationfrom deep skin scrapping from the areaof lesions and response to treatment.Treatment consisted of Ivermectinsolution, administered orally at a doserate of 0.2 mg/kg. The gross lesionswere completely resolved 28 days posttreatment. It was concluded that based onthe treatment given, knemidocoptiasis orscaly leg can be successfully controlledwith good prognosis in captive birds. Careshould be taken as the mite is transmittedfrom bird to bird through prolonged closeor direct contact.

Trypanosomiasis positive cases were reported in Sahom Farm Retreatin Gopeng, Perak; with multispecies livestock animals. Nzi and Vavoua traps were applied to survey the population of biting flies; stable flies (Muscidae: Stomoxyinae) and horse flies (Tabanidae)as the vector for surra. Results indicated the presence of Trypanosomiasis infection diagnosed by buffy coat examination, thinblood stained smears and serological test (Surra Sero K-Set test) and identification of its insect vectors. The presence of bothbiting flies provides the missing link between the occurrence of the disease and host or environmental factors precipitatingthe disease. Besides trypanosomiasis in cattle, other parasitic infections were also recorded with heavy infections for liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica ova) and coccidia oocysts. Therefore, some control measures are recommended to eradicate the vectors and to treat infected animals in order to prevent the dissemination ofthe trypanosmiasis.

A 2-year-old (63 days) pregnant female dachshund dog was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) with complaint of a progressively growing swelling in the caudal ventral abdominal area. History, physical examination, radiography and ultrasonography confirmed an inguinal hystrocoele. A ventral midline incisionon the mass was made to relieve the foetuses and reduction of contents, and herniorrhaphy was performed. Sutures were removed on 7th post-operative day and the animal had an uneventful recovery.