Neonatal calf diarrhea remains one of the most important problems faced by livestock, causing great economic losses. Fecal samples were collected from 100 diarrheic calves in Al-Fayoum governorate, Egypt during 2021, and 2022, to investigate the prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Clostridium perfringens, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium parvum which are the major enteropathogens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, the prevalence of enteropathogens were 58%, 29%, 34%, 14%, 35%, 8%, and 65% respectively. Molecular characterization was performed to confirm the E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, and Cryptosporidium isolates and to detect some virulent genes associated with their pathogenicity. All the bacterial isolates gave a clear band with 16S rRNA. In E. coli, virulent genes (K99, F41, phoA) were detected, also; Salmonella strains were found positive for the invA and sopB gene, while all Clostridium perfringens strains were tested positive for Alpha and Beta toxin but negative for Epsilon toxin. On the other hand, all Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were tested positive with iutA and fimH genes. Also, the in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacterial isolates was applied. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the potential influence of age factor on the reported prevalences of concurrent infections, which revealed that the animals age significantly affected the infection prevalence in all pathogens inversely excepts those infected by Klebsiella was affected by age directly, and those infected by E. Coli, or Cryptosporidium, were not affected by age at all. Good hygienic management and good vaccination program are very important to overcome acute diarrhea in neonate calves and the misuse of antibiotic revealed the presence of multidrug resistance isolates of some enteropathogenic bacteria.

The goal of this research was to mitigate the quantity of acrylamide produced in camel Rice-kofta by including natural antioxidants derived from grapefruit (GFSE) and guava seed extract (GVSE), as well as to assess the mitigation impact of air-frying against deep-frying. Rice-kofta was prepared and divided into four different groups: control, 0.1% GFSE, 0.1% GVSE, and 0.1% mixed grapefruit and guava seed extracts (ME), the weight of each group was about 500 g. Then each one of the four groups divided into two subgroups. The first subgroup was processed using two different cooking methods: deep frying with sunflower oil and air fryer separately. Over the course of 9 days of chilling storage, the other raw subgroup (treated and control) was tested for antioxidant stability (MDA). The results revealed that air-frying reduced acrylamide generation in rice-kofta by 38.2% when compared to deep-oil frying. Addition of GFSE, GVSE, and their combination were able to suppress acrylamide formation in rice-kofta by 21.37%, 36.56%, and 40.70%, during deep-oil frying and 18.96%, 1.49%, and 41.19% in air frying cooking, respectively. The efficiency of GFSE and GVSE in attenuating acrylamide was influenced by the cooking method, with GFSE being more significant in deep-frying and the GVSE mitigation effect being more powerful in air-frying. Considerably, GVSE increased the oxidative stability of rice-kofta at chilling temperature, followed by the mixture extract (ME), as compared to the control. These features could explain why GVSE reduces acrylamide more effectively during air-frying than deep-frying, whereas GFSE has the opposite effect. In conclusion, fruit waste extracts investigated in the current study were able to reduce acrylamide production and improve oxidative stability in camel Rice-kofta.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) and leek (Allium porrum L.) on biochemical parameters, lipid profile and gene expression in high fructose diet (HDF)- induced diabetes in rat. In this study, we used 80 males Wistar rats for 18 weeks, HDF was administered daily in diet to induce diabetes. A high and low dose of garlic oil and leek powder were given orally daily to HDF-diabetic rats. Compared to rats in the diabetic groups, the garlic oil and leek powder reduced serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c) levels. The garlic oil and leek powder also helped reduce hepatic destruction. A reduction was found in the gene expression in the hepatic homogenate of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and X-Box Binding Protein1 (XBP1), Binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). On the other hand, there was a significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of has been found in the promoter of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2), and miRNA 27a which is also a dose- and time-dependent manner. These results suggest that H2S donor as garlic oil and leek powder exhibits therapeutic potential for diabetes, which is most likely related to its protective effects against ER stress and regulating miRNA 27a and its target gene.

One issue that intensive farming has to deal with is neonatal calf diarrhea, and probiotics are seen to be a viable solution to improve the health of calves. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of short-term administration of an antibiotic or probiotic to diarrheal calves on total leukocytic count, serum bactericidal activity, and phagocytosis, as well as to identify potential bacteria that may cause calf diarrhea in early life stages. 55 diarrheal calves, ranging in age from 1 to 20 days, were sampled for feces at a private dairy farm in the Sharkia governorate. E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium species were among the isolated bacteria, with prevalence rates of 58.2%, 8%, and 12%, respectively. The O26, O111, O119, O128 and O125 serogroups of E. coli isolates were the identified serotypes. While S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were the recovered Salmonella serotypes. The results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the invA gene was amplified in the four salmonella isolates but the phoA gene was amplified in all E. coli isolates. Since only the alpha toxin gene was present in each isolate of C. perfringens, they were all type A. Antibiogram test results showed that most isolated species were multi-drug resistant to the ten commonly used antibiotics. On the other hand, isolates of E. coli, salmonella, and clostridium that demonstrated sensitivity for amoxicillin with percentages of 93.3%, 100%, and 66.7%, respectively, represented the medicine that was most successful. Regardless of infection, probiotic or antibiotic treatment, the total leukocytic count values in all diarrheal calves were considerably greater than those in the control group. Serum bactericidal activity in probiotic-treated calves was significantly higher than in the control and antibiotic-treated groups, while it was significantly lower in the antibiotic-treated group. Calf polymorphonuclear leukocytes treated with antibiotics or probiotics had considerably increased phagocytic activity than the control group. In conclusion, probiotics supplementation is an effective strategy for the prevention and control of calf diarrhea.

Metabolic syndrome (Mets) refers to a group of symptoms that increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). One of the most difficult health issues facing the world today is diabetes mellitus (DM). In diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia can cause both immediate and delayed consequences. Cobalamin, or vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for proper neuronal and vascular function, normal hemopoiesis, and DNA synthesis. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of vitamin B12 in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In this study, 30 males’ rats were divided into three groups, for a period of 9 weeks, the rats were injected with vitamin B12. Serum lipid levels, some biochemical, molecular parameters and histopathology of liver and brain tissues were determined. Our results demonstrated that compared to rats in the diabetic groups, the vitamin B12 reduced glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, and Malondialdehyde (MDA), while vitamin B12 increased vitamin 12, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (P < 0.05). An upregulation was found in the gene expression in the homogenate of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), leptin receptor (LEPR), and glucose transporter -2 (GLUT-2). On the other hand, there was a significant downregulation in the mRNA expression of Janus kinase3 (JAK3), signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3), Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β), and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTPN1). In conclusion our findings suggested that vitamin B12 supplementation can mitigate the Impact of an STZ in diabetic rats. This new research provides further evidence that vitamin B12 may be useful as a treatment for diabetes.

Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) considered a highly epizootic pathogen, causes (duck septicemia) resulting in significant ducklings mortality and surviving birds may grow poorly leading to significant worldwide economic losses in the duck industry. As emerging of extensive multidrug resistance strains of R. anatipestifer, alternative treatment is of great concern for R. anatipestifer control. During (January - August 2020), different outbreaks in 20 suspected field duck farms, and 6 R. anatipestifer isolates which were confirmed by conventional PCR technique underwent an in vitro study. The isolates were tested against 17 antimicrobial agents (widely used in the poultry industry) to assess their antimicrobial resistance resulting that all tested strains being multidrug-resistant. The obtained antimicrobial resistance index (AMRI) was 0.63 ± 0.07, a very high value. So, the alternative treatment seemed to be a valuable tool for R. anatipestifer control. Oregano nanoemulsion and its nanocomposite were characterized by TEM and the nano-size were 23.46 and 37.13 nm, respectively, and with a stable state, zeta potentials were 18.5 ± 5.11, 10.031 ± 5.11, the PDI were 0.236, 0.467 and IC50 is > 100 µg/ml and IC50 is 28.13 µg/ml, respectively). The study concluded that the tested R. anatipestifer strains are extensively multidrug-resistant and its control requires an alternative interference other than the antibiotics. Oregano- N-acetyl cysteine nanocomposite shows promising high activity against R. anatipestifer, which to be recommended.

The continuous use of antibiotics for tissue culture adapted vaccines production has led to the increase in the bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) on bacterial and fungal contamination, in the production of tissue culture vaccines. The active agents in each plant were extracted by the conventional extraction technique using ethanol and water as solvents followed by concentration (steam distillation and boiling). The antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts were determined in well agar diffusion technique using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Candida albicans as model for gram positive, gram negative and fungal contamination, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the different solvent extracts were tested on VERO and MDBK cell culture. The obtained results indicated that water and ethanolic extracts from thyme and clove plants showed significant antimicrobial activities (P < 0.05) as they could inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and Candida albicans. Ethanolic extract of thyme had the maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli (2.40±0.20) and Candida albicans (3.07±0.3), and the lowest inhibition zone against S. aureus (1.53±0.23), whereas the thyme water extract didn’t show any antimicrobial activity. The ethanolic extract of clove showed the greatest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans (2.63±0.2), E. coli (2.63±0.2), while the lowest was against S. aureus (1.87±0.3). Water extract of clove showed the greatest zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus (1.93±0.4, and 2.47±0.1), respectively and 0.97±0.1 against Candida albicans. The ethanolic extracts of thyme and clove showed changes in the cell wall until concentration 1 mg/ml for clove and 10 µg/ml for thyme on VERO cells; while the cytotoxic effect on MDBK cells was observed till the concentration of 100 µg/ml for clove and thyme water extracts. In conclusion, the antimicrobial potential of clove  water extract on bacterial and fungal contaminant could replace antibiotics in the production of tissue culture vaccines at a concentration of 10 µg/ml.

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain if orally administered Moringa oleifera (MO) extract had any protective effects on several biochemical markers in the kidney and liver in gentamicin (GNT)-induced hepato-renal toxicity in rats. Forty male albino rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the MO treated group, the GNT administered group, and the (MO+ GNT) group. The MO+ GNT group received GNT (100 mg/kg b.wt, i.p.) together with Moringa oleifera (400 mg/kg b.wt) for 20 consecutive days. Rats were put to death at the conclusion of the experiment, and blood samples were taken to measure serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total proteins, albumin, and globulin, as well as serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in isolated kidneys and liver. The liver and kidneys were divided into pieces for histology and a few immunohistochemistry tests. Following administration of GNT, there was a significant decrease in the activities of the hepatic and renal CAT, GPX, GSH, SOD, and TAC while there was a significant increase in the levels of MDA, 8OHdG, serum AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Treatment with MO significantly lessened the histopathological abrasions in the liver and kidney tissue brought on by GNT and restored the levels of renal and hepatic BAX and TNF. It also restored the evaluated criteria to normal values. According to the results, MO has a protective effect against GNT-induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in rats. This effect may be explained by the fact that MO prevents free radical generation and restores antioxidant activity, which reduces the negative effects of GNT.

Vitamin D deficiency is one of the major affecting factors on metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. So we aimed in our study to show the anti-diabetic effects of vitamin D on type 2 diabetic rats. Therefore, 45 rats were divided into three groups (15 rats per each group). The first group served as a control and fed on a standard chow diet while the other two groups served as diabetic groups as they fed on high fructose, high fat, and high sucrose diet and for 12 weeks then they injected with intraperitoneal single dose (45 mg/kg b.wt) of STZ dissolved in cold 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. After one week of injection the third diabetic group was treated for 4 weeks with two intramuscular (20,000 IU/Kg) of vitamin D dissolved in sesame oil. The obtained results demonstrated that administration of vitamin D could improve serum glucose and insulin levels with an increase in serum calcitonin and calcium in correlation with the decrease in parathyroid hormone, phosphorus and lipids levels in the presence of significant upregulation of gene expression in liver (PPARα, GLP-1, and IGF-1) and in adipose tissue (Ptch, Smo, Gli-1, and hhip). In conclusion, vitamin D administration can improve insulin resistance by improving blood glucose and insulin levels.

A total of 100 random samples of whole Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and fillet of Tilapia (50 of each) were collected from different fish markets in Gharbia Governorate to evaluate pH, mycological contamination, and their total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A residues. The obtained results revealed that the mean ± SE pH values were 6.1± 0.05 and 6.3± 0.03 and the mean total mould count values ± SE were 3.63 × 102± 8.75×10 and 1.65×102 ±4.78×10 cfu/g of whole Tilapia and fillet of Tilapia, respectively. It was found that the mean value of the total aflatoxin (µg/kg) in the examined samples were 0.55± 0.2 µg/kg for whole Tilapia and 0.68± 0.06 µg /kg for the fillet samples. Whereas the mean values of ochratoxin A were 2.79 ± 0.6 µg/kg for and 0.12 ± 0.01 µg /kg for the whole tilapia and fillet, respectively. Six fungal species were identified in the current study. The most prevalent fungal species were Aspergillus niger, followed by A. flavus. However, the least dominant were A. terreu, A. westerdijkiae, and A. pseudocaelatus, Alternaria alternate, Cladosporium cladosporidiae, Mucor species and Penicillium species. In conclusion, the investigated whole tilapia and fish fillet is contaminated by mould. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin were detected in the examined samples. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the occurrence of mycotoxins in the retailed fish and fish products are highly recommended to ensure product safety.