Proteomics, which is called the identification phase of the proteome identifying all the proteins encoded by the genome, has an important place in solving the difficulties experienced in toxicology. Proteomics refers to the study of interactions with other proteins and macromolecules, structure, location, amount, post-translational modifications (PTM), function in tissues/cells of the proteome. With proteomic studies, new relationships between proteins and toxicopathological effects can be determined and it is revealed the information on the toxic action mechanisms of various substances, from metals to peroxisome proliferators. On the other hand, toxicoproteomics seeks to identify critical proteins and pathways in biological systems that respond to it and adversely affected by chemical and environmental exposures using protein expression technologies. Toxicoproteomics combines 3 discipline areas. These are 1) traditional toxicology and pathology 2) differential protein and gene expression analysis 3) systems biology. Toxicoproteomic studies are an important area that can provide critical tools for identification of biomarkers associated with exposure to toxic substances, assessing their reliability and designing appropriate measures that can minimize adverse effects. In this statement, it is aimed to emphasize the importance of proteomics in toxicology.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) added in the feed on growth performance, small intestine histomorphometry, oxidative stress, and carcass parameters in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) raised in two different stocking densities. In the experiment, a total of 280 10-day-old quails were divided into 4 groups with 4 repetitions. Group control was composed of the quails consuming maize-soy based basal diet as 150 cm2 for each quail; Z group was composed of the quails consuming the basal diet containing jujube of 1% as 150 cm2 for each quail; Group SD was composed of the quails consuming maize-soy based basal diet as 100 cm2 for each quail; and ZSD group was composed of the quails consuming the basal diet containing jujube of 1% as 100 cm2 for each quail. The best live weight and daily live weight increase were determined in Group Z and the best feed consumption was determined in Group C. It was determined that the jujube fruit added into feed significantly decreased the serum and breast muscle MDA levels. The lowest villus height and the highest crypt depth of duodenum and jejunum were determined in Group SD. As a result, it was observed that the jujube fruit added in the feed of the quails raised in two different stocking densities had a positive effect on the live weight, daily live weight increase feed consumption, villus height, villus width, crypt depth, hot carcass performance and serum, breast muscle MDA levels.

This study aimed to determine the presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), which is a member of the hemotropic mycoplasmas called infectious anemia of cats, known to be zoonotic, usually progresses with hemolytic anemia in cats, and can lead to the death of the cat if not treated, in the Kırıkkale province by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The experimental units of the study consisted of 50 male and 50 female cats of different breeds, aged between 2-months and 10-years, presented to the Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics Clinics with different complaints during January-August 2021. Smears prepared from blood samples were examined cytologically by the Giemsa. In addition, total blood count was done and the increased blood samples were analysed by PCR for the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. According to the PCR analysis findings of the study, it was concluded that the incidence of Mycoplasma haemofelis in Kırıkkale is 13 %.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Enteroccoccus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from dog, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of vancomycin resistance and some virulence genes of the isolates. A total of 197 samples were analyzed, including 114 urine, 63 rectal swab and 20 vaginal swab samples. Enteroccocus spp. were isolated from 83 (42.1%) of the samples. By PCR test with species-specific primers, 42 (50.6%) isolates were identified as E. faecalis (95.2%) and E. faecium (4.8%). The highest resistance was found to erythromycin (16.66%) and tetracycline (11.9%) whereas vancomycin resistance was low (4.76%) by disc diffusion method. GelE (47.6%) and asa1 (38.1%) genes associated with the virulence were detected in the isolates, while all isolates were negative for cylA gene. As a result, E. faecalis from canine samples was isolated at higher rate than that of E. faecium, and the resistance of the isolates to β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, imipenem, and vancomycin) as well as multiple antibiotic resistance was low. The gelE gene was detected in more isolates than the asa1 gene, and all isolates were negative for cylA gene.

Reducing calf deaths and diseases are important for the future and profitability of cattle herds. Early diagnosis and treatment of calf diarrhea can reduce mortality rates and eliminate the need for cattle imports. It is important to produce local molecular kits based on the colorimetric Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and to use them in the field, instead of using immunocrotographic tests with low sensitivity. With this study, four important enteric pathogens responsible for calf diarrhea (Bovine coronavirus [BCoV; formerly Betacoronavirus 1], group A Bovine rotavirus [BRV], Escherichia coli K99+ and Cryptosporidium parvum) were isolated in farm and field conditions without requiring qualified personnel and complicated devices. It is aimed to design a routine molecular kit based on the colorimetric LAMP method that can be detected in tubes in the range of 15-30 minutes. In addition, it is aimed to reveal the test kit performances by comparing the results of these LAMP PCR kits, which we will design, with in-house PCR and immunochromatographic test kits. A total of 100 calves stool samples were included (these samples were confirmed as positive for BcoV (n:25), BRV group A (n:25), Escherichia coli K99+ (n:25) and Cryptosporidium parvum (n:25) by in-house PCR). Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) isolations from Neonatal Calf stool samples were performed using the commercial isolation kit. Results from LAMP kit and rapid antigen kits were compared according to in-house PCR results. Results of this study, especially E. coli K99 diagnostic performance were found to be closer to each other, while performance differences in viral parameters such as BRV and BcoV were found to be significantly different. It was determined that the LAMP PCR method performed better than rapid antigen test. As a conclusion, It is very important for early diagnosis to use the colorimetric LAMP method, which can be detected in separate tubes in 15-30 minutes in farm and field conditions without requiring qualified personnel and complicated devices. We believe that, thanks to early and reliable diagnosis, the calf mortality rates will be greatly reduced, as the infected animals will be treated early.

Left Abomasum Displacement (LDA) is one of the most important metabolic diseases caused by negative energy balance during the early lactation period for high milk efficient cows. This study aimed to investigate the lipid mobilization and oxidative stress parameters in cows with LDA before and after the operation. In this research, cows with LDA (n=16) were divided into three groups that are before operation (pre-op LDA), immediately after the operation (post-op LDA), and on the 10th day after the operation (post-op 10 LDA). Control groups were formed from early lactation cows (n=8) and dry period (n=8). In serum samples collected from the study groups, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, free fatty acid (FFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and AST, GGT activities were determined spectrophotometrically, total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS) and paraoxonase 1/arylesterase (PON1/ARES)] enzyme activity was measured according to the procedure of the colorimetric kit. Serum TOS and MDA levels increased in cattle with pre-op LDA compared to control groups, and MDA levels decreased to normal levels in both groups after the operation. TAS levels and PON1/ARES activities decreased in cattle with pre-op LDA compared to control groups and increased gradually in post-op groups. Serum total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels decreased in cattle with pre-op LDA compared to the control groups and did not return to normal levels in the groups with post-op LDA. While BHBA levels and AST activities increased in cattle with pre-op LDA compared to control groups, they reached normal values in cattle with LDA on the post-op 10th day. It has been concluded that in evaluating the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the disease in dairy cows with LDA, oxidative stress parameters such as TAS, TOS, and PON1/ARES may be used together with lipid parameters.

This study aims to establish the light and electron microscopic structure of the pecten oculi in the goose (Anser anser). For this purpose, 12 samples of pecten oculi extracted from 6 goose eyes were used. In the study, it was found that the goose pecten consists of 13-14 pleats. The maximum transversal length of the eye was approximately 10 mm, the corneal diameter was 5 mm, the basal length of the pecten was 7 mm, the apical length was 1.5 mm, and the height of the pecten was 5.55 mm (n=6). In pecten pleats, the mean diameters of two separate vessels, primary and secondary, were 48.94 and 23.36 μm respectively. The primary vessels located at the centre of the pecten pleats were surrounded by the secondary vessels. It was observed that the melanocytes in pleats gradually intensified from basal to apical regions. Pecten covered to the vitreo-pecteneal limiting membrane and, hyalocytes were found on this part. This study revealed that the goose pecten has a structure similar to the avian species in the waterfowl family.

Osteomyelitis is a severe bone disease that is difficult to treat and causes serious socioeconomic problems. This study aimed to examine the bioactivity of hesperidin in an in vivo Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis model. Total of 28 male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (n=7). Groups were designated as Group 1: Control group, Group 2: Sham group, Group 3: Osteomyelitis group, and Group 4: Treatment group (Hesperidin+Osteomyelitis). Unilateral tibial osteomyelitis was induced by administering arachidonic acid and 1×106 CFU-1 bacterial suspension through a hole drilled from the tibial crest. The rats in the treatment group were given hesperidin once a day by oral gavage for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated radiographically, biochemically, and histopathologically. The mean scores of intraosseous acute inflammation, intraosseous chronic inflammation, periosteal inflammation, and bone necrosis were evaluated histopathologically. The score was 0 in the control group, 0-2 in the sham group, 9-14 in the osteomyelitis group, and 2-6 in the treatment group. The median values of IAI, ICI, PI, BN, and total histopathological scores of the treatment group were significantly lower than the osteomyelitis group. Biochemically, oxidative stress increased significantly in the osteomyelitis model, however, it significantly decreased in the group treated with hesperidin. Nrf-2 translation levels increased by 0.2% in the sham group compared to the control group and decreased by 26% in the osteomyelitis group but increased by 42% in the treatment group compared to the osteomyelitis group. Compared to the control group, NF-kB translation levels increased by 6% and 21% in the sham and osteomyelitis groups, respectively. However, this value decreased by 9% in the treatment group compared to the osteomyelitis group. Radiographically, the combined score reduced by 65% in the treatment group in comparison to the osteomyelitis group. In conclusion, hesperidin showed anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing NF-kB and antioxidant activity by increasing Nrf-2, both of which play a role in inflammatory pathways. In light of all these findings, it can be said that hesperidin can be used as a potential therapeutic or an agent that can contribute to the treatment of osteomyelitis.

Zonulin elucidated as a thoroughly known protein, is capable of modulating the gut integrity of intercellular connections. Intestinal permeability and its modulation by zonulin have been well-defined. Zonulin levels could increase in response to several stimuli, i.e. infection/gluten ingestion. Even if the latter occurs, zonulin signals into the body for elevating the permeability of the gut lining, permitting larger molecules to pass through. All aforementioned conditions initiate inflammation. In the present prospective field study, the aim was to determine the specificity of zonulin as a noninvasive selected biomarker of gut barrier function to identify and debug calves suffering from diarrhea.  Furthermore, another purpose was to define the appearance of leaky gut (LeaG) among calves with diarrhea. By use of commercially available Bovine Zonulin ELISA test kits with a well-designed methodology all 11 diseased and other relevant healthy calves gave positive test results. Circulating zonulin levels (ng/mL) expressed as (±SEM), there were significant differences (p<0.001) between healthy (26.43±3.528) and diarrheic calves (57.97±4.250). As a preliminary conclusion, it should not be unwise to draw the hypothesis that zonulin levels debug diarrheic calves from healthy ones. Further studies are warranted.

This sectional study aims to collect data about feeding practices for pace horses in the Aegean and Marmara regions of Turkey. For this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of 69 free text and multiple-choice questions was developed. The questionnaire was implemented on 29-31 August 2014 by personal interviews and was online on social media for ten months. The questionnaire comprised sections on breeder demographic information, farm condition, feeding habit, and nutritional disease. Fifty volunteer horse owners who had a total of 271 horses have participated in the study. Evaluation of the results focused on nutrition practices. Unfortunately, 46% of the respondents were not rasping their horses’ teeth, and an important part of them was not using supplementary oil (78%) or feed additives (84%). Drinking water after exercise (74%) as well as rotten, mouldy, and bacterially contaminated feed (72%) were reported as the most important colic reason by the responders. Based on the results of our study, educational initiatives are needed to inform pace horse owners about appropriate nutrition and related diseases to increase the pace horse race performance.