The aim of this study was to examine the effect of in ovo injection of L-threonine (L-Thr) on hatchability, growth performance, antioxidant capacity, carcass traits, immune organs weight, and intestinal histomorphology of Ross 308 broilers chicks. On day 18 of incubation, 258 fertile eggs were randomly allotted into 3 sets: non-injected group (NC group), saline injected group (sham control SC group), and (Thr group) L-Thr injected group. After hatch, each set was allocated into 2 groups (3 replicates of 10 birds/ replicate) and were fed on a basal diet (calculated Thr content, 0.87 %) supplemented with 0 (CON group), and 3 g/kg L-Thr, respectively. The groups were divided as follows: G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 where G1 is non injected group and fed basal diet, G2 saline injected and fed basal diet, G3 threonine injected and fed basal diet, G4 non injected and fed threonine supplemented diet, G5 saline injected and fed threonine supplemented diet and G6 threonine injected and fed threonine supplemented diet. Growth performance parameters were measured during different periods of the trial. At the end of rearing period serum antioxidative parameters (SOD and MDA) were measured, carcass traits and relative immune organs weight were calculated, in addition to intestinal histomorphology. Addition of Thr positively affected the FCR, and feed intake of broiler chicks compared to sham and control (p < 0.05) groups. Dietary Thr supplementation increased relative weight of spleen and thymus compared to the control non supplemented group and improved intestinal histomorphology. In conclusion, in ovo injection and dietary supplementation of L-Thr can improve growth performance, immunity of broiler chickens that may be mediated by the development of immune organs and improving the intestinal morphology of broilers as demonstrated by higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth.

To investigate the lung inflammatory response during diarrheic episodes in neonatal calves with respiratory disease syndrome, 27 newly born bovine Friesian calves of both sexes (up to 30 days old) were studied, of which 17 diarrheic calves with RDS admitted to the Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University and ten apparently healthy calves with no history of any previous illness kept as a control group in the same age range. The examined calves were admitted with a history of diarrhea with respiratory disease syndrome and presented with a variety of clinical signs, including anorexia, diarrhea, cough, dyspnea, and variable degrees of nasal discharge dehydration, weight loss, dullness and pale mucous membranes. The laboratory findings reveal significant changes in diarrheic calf blood parameters, with the RDS group showing significantly lower pH, PaO2, HCO3, BE, and significantly higher PaCO2 and blood lactate values compared to healthy group. Serum glucose, Na, and Cl levels were also significantly lower, whereas serum K levels were significantly higher compared to healthy group. There was a positive correlation between pH and PaO2, HCO3, and BE concentrations, but a negative correlation between pH and PaCO2 and lactate concentrations. The lung-specific epithelial and endothelial biomarkers in healthy and diarrheic neonatal calves with ARD included in the present study revealed that, serum ADMA and SP-D levels were significantly lower, while ET-1 concentrations increased significantly in diarrheic calves with RDS compared to control group measurements. The relationship between ADMA, ET-1 and SP-D concentrations, showed a very strong negative correlation between ADMA and SP-D concentrations and the concentration of ET-1. Whereas, a strong positive correlation between ADMA and SP-D concentrations.

Clinical postpartum endometritis due to bacterial invasion is one of the most common diseases affecting dairy cows in postpartum period; antibiotics are widely utilized as a treatment to overcome this affection. Recently, bacterial resistance to antibiotics due to uncontrolled usage became one of the most serious problems facing the medical community, so, the aim of study was to detect the effectiveness of nano-silver particles as a treatment for postpartum endometritis in dairy Holstein cows. At 35-40 days postpartum, twenty one Holstein cows were diagnosed to be affected with postpartum endometritis, depending on clinical and ultrasonography examination.  The treatment protocol included intrauterine infusion with 50 ml of silver nanoparticles solution (50 ppm/ml) for five consecutive days, and single dose of PGF-2α analogue as a treatment for animals with a corpus lutetum on their ovaries. At 7th day post-treatment, serum level tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid-A (SAA) and was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Also, the level of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin (Hp)in serum recorded a significant decrement(P<0.05) upon treatment with silver nanoparticles.In addition, uterine secretions were found with a significant decrease or disappeared completely, and endometrial thickness decrement was detected upon ultrasonography examination. At re-examination (49-54 days postpartum), 14 animals out of 21 animals (66.6%) were recovered successfully from endometritis. The pregnancy rate on 40th day post-service was 71.4 % (10 out of 14 animals were found pregnant after insemination on their observed estrus).As a conclusion, this study proved the efficacy of silver nanoparticles as a treatment for postpartum endometritis in dairy Holstein cows. So, it could substitute antibiotic treatment in such cases to avoid the antibiotic resistance problems.

Nanobiotechnology has grown rapidly as an essential branch of modern research, which deals with synthesis, design and manipulation of particles with at least one dimension <100nm. As well as they have an important role in diagnosis and treatment of modern diseases. AgNPs are mostly used NPs in a variety of applications because of their exceptional physicochemical characteristics with low toxicity and biocompatibility. Also, their great chemical stability, catalytic activity, conductivity and antimicrobial potential leads to its high commercial use. AgNPs produced by the action of reducing reagents, such as, physical, chemical and biological techniques. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles are most attractive nanomaterial of interest among several metallic nanoparticles, which characterized by its hazard free and eco-friendly cost-effective, biological and therapeutic properties. The natural resources for biosynthesis of nanoparticles include plants, bacteria, yeast, algae, fungi and viruses. The AgNPs has great importance in several fields of the science and some technology as electronics, therapeutics, environmental protection, textile industry, cosmetics, biomedical, photonics and agriculture. Also they act as an effective antimicrobial, anticancer and diagnostic agents through the distinctive characteristics of Ag nanostructures, like its exceptional SERS/SPR, the properties and charge of its surface, variety of the shape, rate of dissolution, as well as its ability to organized Ag+ release for mediating both antimicrobial toxicity and cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. This review provided an overview of synthesis of AgNPs along with their anti- microbial and anti- cancer activities. In addition to an overview on how AgNPs affect hemato-biochemical parameters.

Graviola (Annona muricata) is one major member of the plant family, Annonaceae. It is cultivated in the tropical zones, particularly in Central and South America. Graviola is worldwide known for its natural medicinal effects. In this regards, graviola extracts are used in the treatment of different kinds of cancers such as pancreatic, breast, prostate, lung, and blood cancers. The exact mechanisms behinds the anticancer effects of graviola are not clearly defined. However, it was assumed that graviola-induced apoptotic effects, necrosis, and modulation of the proliferation patterns of the cancer cells are major mechanistic effects of Graviola. Interestingly, graviola is also known for its other beneficial effects such as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic activities, and its wound healing effects. This mini review was undertaken to update and summarize the pharmacological activities of graviola.

The goal of the current study was to assess the new techniques for diagnosing of ammonia-induced pneumonia in goats, primarily using radiography and CT examinations coupled with some selective biochemical parameters. The experimental induction of pneumonia using ammonia vapor inhalation (33%), was performed on five female goats weighing 20 to 30 kg and ranging in age from 10 months to one year. A thorough clinical examination was performed on all goats. Goats' jugular veins were used to collect blood samples in order to monitor changes in the pulmonary function test and some selective biochemical parameters. A clinical examination of goats showed that exposure resulted in a significant (P< 0.05) rise in mean rectal temperature at day 14, as well as heart and respiration rates at day 7. On the 7th day, dullness, coughing, dyspnea, bilateral mucopurulent or mucoid/purulent nasal discharge, and abnormal lung auscultation were recorded. On 14th day, the severity increased. When compared to zero-day results (auto-control group), serum biochemical examination showed significant (P< 0.05) increases in Hp, SAA at 7 days, and MDA levels at 14 days, but there was a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in TAC at 14 days after inhalation. When ammonia was inhaled, pCO2, tCO2, pO2, and HCO3 changed significantly (P< 0.05) at day 7 and pH decreased significantly at day 14. Upon ultrasonography, pneumonic consolidation displays an echotexture resembling the liver with the presence of hypoechoic patches and loss of reverberation artefacts. The chest x-ray showed increased opacity (more gray or white) with a cotton-wool-like look. On the 7th day, a lung CT revealed focused areas of ground-glass opacity that later became diffuse. An edematous, hyperemic lung with consolidation was observed during the postmortem examination. Lung histopathology revealed serofibrinous pneumonia. Therefore, in order to diagnose ammonia-induced pneumonia in goats, ultrasonographic, radiographic, and CT examinations, coupled with selective biochemical parameters and pulmonary function tests, are useful.

The goal of this study was to determine how probiotic "probax®," green tea, and clove oil supplementation affected Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance and immune state. In a randomized full block design, 120 Nile tilapia in total, average body weights of (25.57 ± 0.3g) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 3 replicates (10 per replicate). Dietary treatments included either a base diet without any supplements (group 1) as the control group or a base diet supplemented with probax (group 2), green tea (group 3), or clove oil (group 4). The results showed that the groups treated with green tea and probax experienced significantly greater weight gains than the groups treated with clove oil. While specific immunological measures like IgM and CRP show a large increase in groups treated with green tea, rather than clove oil, nonspecific immune data showed that the overall leukocytic count of the groups did not differ from one another. lysozymes were higher in the probiotics-treated group, although in comparison to other treated groups, the control group had higher levels of IgG. However, globulin levels were noticeably greater in the individuals receiving probax treatment compared to other groups, whereas albumin was noticeably greater in the groups that received treatment with green tea and clove oil. As a result, the groups treated with probax and clove oil had considerably greater albumin to globulin ratios than the green tea-treated group. As a result of this study, it is possible to recommend adding probax, green tea, and clove oil to the diets of Nile tilapia as growth promoters and immunostimulants. According to this research study, green tea is the most potent of the group before being exposed to Aeromonas hydrophilia, and it gets even stronger thereafter.

This study was taken to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in four types of salted fish, namely salted sardine, fesiekh, sahlia, and salted herrings that retailed in Zagazig city, Egypt. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the recovered S. aureus isolates was examined. Moreover, PCR was used for the detection of the coding genes of S. aureus-enterotoxins (SE) including SEA, SEB, SEC, and SED. The obtained results of the current investigation revealed isolation of S. aureus from the examined salted sardine, fesiekh, sahlia, and salted herrings at 15%, 40%, 30%, and 15%, respectively. Fesiekh had significantly (p< 0.05) the highest total S. aureus count (3.17 ± 0.13 log 10 cfu/g), followed by sahlia (3.08 ± 0.13 log 10 cfu/g), sardine (2.33 ± 0.07 log 10 cfu/mL), and salted herrings (2.30 ± 0.11 log 10 cfu/g), respectively. Besides, 10%, 35%, 20%, and 5% of the examined salted sardine, fesiekh, sahlia, and salted herrings, respectively exceeded Egyptian limits of S. aureus. The recovered S. aureus isolates showed clear multidrug resistance profiling. PCR testing of selected S. aureus isolates for harboring Staphylococcal enterotoxin-coding genes revealed SEA, and SEB were not detected in any examined isolate. However, SEC was detected in 3 S. aureus isolates recovered from fesiekh, and in 2 isolates that recovered from sahlia. SED was only detected in 2 isolates that recovered from fesiekh. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be adopted during handling, and processing of salted fish.

The purpose of this investigation is the supportive functions of L-carnitine when co-administered with the DDP-4 inhibitor member and the nephroprotective impact of alogliptin in nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in male Wistar rats. A  total number of 25 male Albino rats weighed 130 ± 5.7 g. and divided into five equal  groups, G1:(control negative), G2: (control positive, have nephrotoxicity), G3: (treated group with L-carnitine), G4: (treated with Alogliptin) and G5: (treated with alogliptin and L-carnitine). The biochemical results of serum total proteins, albumin, urea, uric acid and creatinine showed significant changes (P ≤ 0.05) among different groups while serum globulin is not significant and the mean value of these parameters showe the significant of G5 than G 3 and G4. The following measures were made in order to identify the oxidative/antioxidant cascades: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT);, concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and  these parameters were showed significant changes (P ≤ 0.05)   among different groups and the mean value showed the significant  of G5 than G 3 and G4. The results of the histological and immunohistochemical analyses point to a possible function for alogliptin and L-carnitine in preventing renal tissue destruction in rat models of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. According to the improvement of various biochemical indicators and oxidative state as well as the restoration of the renal structural integrity and function, treatment with alogliptin or L-carnitine protects the kidney through their antioxidant action. Better results than each medicine alone are seen when the two are combined.

The ARIMA model was employed to investigate annual inflation rates in Egypt from 2018 to 2022. The study planned to forecast inflation in Egypt for the upcoming period from August till December of 2022, and the best fitting model was carefully selected based on the minimum AIC value. ARIMA model was applied using EViews10. It is made up of three processes: the Autoregressive process (AR), the differencing process (d), and the Moving Average Process (MA). The Box–Jenkins methodology for analyzing and modeling time series is characterized by four steps: model identification, parameter estimation, diagnostic checking and forecasting. This study used Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to estimate and forecast the inflation rates for the year 2018-2022 using the univariate historical data of inflation rate. The ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model is stable and most suitable model to forecast inflation in Egypt for the next five months. The percent value of the inflation in August is (11.4± 4.20); September (10.6±4.13); October (10.0±4.03); November (9.5± 4.23) and December (9.2± 4.11). In order to reduce inflation and increase macroeconomic stability in Egypt, policymakers should continue to implement sound economic policies.