Clinical examination of 380 rearing sheep revealed that 30 animal were suffering from skin abscesses with an incidence of (7.89%). Bacteriological examination of 30 swabs from affected sheep revealed isolation of 30 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (48.39%) , 18 isolates of S. aureus (29.03%) and 14 isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius (22.58).The isolated bacteria were identified morphologically and biochemically.The results of animal pathogenicity test showed that C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were 100% pathogenic to guinea pigs and 80% of S.aureus isolates were pathogenic to mice, while all isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were pathogenic to mice. The dead animals showed haemorrhage and symptoms of septicaemia, C. pseudotuberculosis, S.aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were reisolated from the dead animals. Antimicrobial sensitivity of C. pseudotuberculosis , S. aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates to some antimicrobial agents which usually used in farms showed that from 90% to 100% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline ,streptomycin, ampicillin and rifampicin while S. aureus isolates (from 55% to 66%) were sensitive to rifampicin,tetracycline ,erythromycin and streptomycin, while S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates were moderately resistant to all used antimicrobial agents.

P. multocida contains one or more antigenic determinant of different proportions responsible for partial protection offered by the heterologous serovars. SDS-PAGE analysis of the whole protein profile prepared from sheep local isolates of P. multocida types (A, D), Mannheimia haemolytica type (A), P. trehalosi type (T) as well as standard strain of P. multocida (B6) revealed that the protein profile exhibited some differences with variable molecular masses ranged between 14 to 116 kDa. There are sharing protein subunits of molecular masses of 66, 37 and 28 kDa as the unique cross-reactive antigens in all isolates. The protection percentage for the vaccinated mice with inactivated M. haemolytica against the challenge with virulent strain of P. multocida type A, D and B6 are 30%, 30% and 20% respectively and 25%, 25% and 20% respectively in the groups of mice vaccinated with inactivated P. trehalosi so, there is cross reaction but limited cross protection between pasteurella isolates. The suggested vaccine must contain local isolates of P. multocidaserotypes A, D and B6 as well as M. haemolytica and P. trehalosi.

Fowl and turkey pox viruses were analyzed for their heterogeneity on the basis of protein profile, western blotting, PCR analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis. On the protein level, only a single band with a WM of 115KDa was seen with turkey pox virus but not with the fowl strain, and a band reacted at 10KDa with Turkey but not fowl pox virus in western blotting analysis other protein profiles were nearly the similar. PCR amplification of the lateral terminal repeat (LTR) region of both viruses confirmed a single band migrating about 900 bp with both strains and restriction digestion proved the homology between both strains.

A study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activities of allicin, one of the major essential oils of garlic, against some fish pathogenic bacteria as well as the toxic effect of allicin on monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Allicin 10% v/v solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used in this study. The bacterial species investigated were Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii, and Streptococcus iniae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of allicin in DMSO against Aeromonas hydrophila was found to be 125 μg/mL, while ranged between 250–500 μg/mL for each of A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii. Interestingly, the MIC for Streptococcus iniae was 63 μg/mL. On contrary, allicin exists no bactericidal activity against any of the investigated bacteria. Allicin had high toxic effect on tilapia fingerlings while adult tilapia could tolerate it.

Existence of Campylobacter species that colonize broiler chickens intestinal tract raised and slaughtered in El-Minia Governorate as a source of animal protein origin for human consumption were studied. Samples were collected from 381 broiler chickens from different private farms distributed in six cities related to El-Minia Governorate and examined for the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. Percentage of Campylobacter jejuni isolation was 19.5% , 14.8% , 18.3% , 14.7% , 12.3% and 12.1% from Maggagha, Beni-Mazar, Samalout, Abou-Curcas, Mallawey and Deer-Mouase, respectively. While Campylobacter coli was 4.8% , 6.2% , 4.3% , 6.7% , 3.5 % and 0.0% respectively . Higher rate of isolation of Campylobacter jejuni 18.0% and Campylobacter coli 5.1% were obtained from 216 freshly dead broiler chickens carcasses than 165 diseased and slaughter birds which revealed 13.3% and 4.2% , respectively . Overall , Campylobacter spp. showed a higher tissue affinity for caecum (11.3%) Campylobacter jejuni and (2.6%) Campylobacter coli than for jejunum (4.2%) C. jejuni and (1.6%) C. coli and liver (1.6%) C.jejuni and (1.6%) C. coli. Susceptibilities of the recovered Campylobacter jejuni and C.coli, isolates to fifteen antibiotic discs clarified that gentamycin, neomycin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid in addition most of the strain were resistant to penicillin , ampicillin, tetracycline , sulfa methoxazole , trimethoprim, cephalothin and enerofloxacin . Public health hazard of enteropathogenic campylobacter was discussed and suggestive measures for reduction of campylobacter in broiler chicken farms were explained.

he present study was carried out to determine the critical points during processing of yoghurt, through examination of Acidity % and Storch's test to detect the efficiency of heat treated milk samples and Microbiological examination of samples collected weekly over a period of 7 months for TCC, Thermoduric, Total coliform, Faecal coliform, E. coli, Enterococci, S. aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica and Total yeast and mould counts. A total of 100 samples of raw milk, heat treated milk, inoculated milk and yoghurt (25 of each) in addition to 75 samples from worker’s hands, plastic packages and mixing vat (25 of each) were collected under strict hygienic conditions, also twenty five samples of yoghurt at the end of the expire date were collected and examined microbiologically. The obtained results concluded that the major sources of yoghurt contamination were raw milk, improperly cleaned and sanitized worker’s hands as well as the added starter culture. Finally, the public health and economic importance of the isolated organisms were mentioned.

The present study is an endeavor for profound exploration about the effects of 2 commonly used molluscicides in Egypt (bayluscide and copper sulfate ) on some reproductive aspects in mature male Albino rats. For this purpose, 180 mature male Albino rats were used. Animals were equally divided into 3 groups; the 1st group was considered as controls administered distilled water while those of the 2nd and 3rd groups were administered distilled water containing 1 / 20 LD50 of either baylucide or copper sulfate every 3 days for 8 successive weeks. The results of the present study revealed that administration of either molluscicides induced a serious drastic decline in the levels of the reproductive hormones; an effect which was not completely reversed after removal of the molluscicide for 8 successive weeks. This disruption upon reproductive hormones was concomitant with a significant deviation of semen parameters represented by a drop in the individual motility concomitant with an increase in dead sperm percentage as well as total sperm abnormalities. Moreover, stoppage of molluscicides administration along 8 successive weeks failed to improve all studied semen parameters. Moreover, evaluation of total antioxidant activity disclosed that application of either bayluscide or copper sulfate resulted in significant reduction in the total antioxidant capacity as compared with the corresponding control values; a finding which persisted after prevention of molluscicides administration along 8 weeks.

A study was performed on fifty normal goats for radiographic (only 20 animals), andsonographic (the all 50 animals) investigations. Radiographic results revealed that, both kidneys had bean shaped and smooth contour. The right kidney position was constant due to its relation with the liver, while, the left kidney was mobile and its position varied according to the degree of fullness of the rumen due to its long mesentery. The sonographic results revealed the position, shape, dimensions and echogenicity of kidneys, by using 3.5/5.0 MHz curved transducer and 6.0/8.0 MHz linear transducer. The renal capsule was represented by a very fine echogenic lines around the kidney that couldn’t be distinguished from the peri-renal fat. The cortex was more echogenic than the medulla and had uniform finely granular hypoehoic pattern. The corticomedullary junction was slightly more echogenic than the cortex due to the presence of the arcuate arteries. The medulla was observed as hypoechoic area interrupted by bright echogenic lines representing the recesses and interlobular arteries that gave the appearance of typical medullary pyramids. The dimensions of the right kidney were 5.32 ± 0.12, 2.79 ± 0.07, 0.64 ± 0.01, 1.52 ± 0.03, 2.74 ± 0.09, 1.27 ± 0.06, 1.25 ± 0.05, and 1.72 ± 0.09; and the dimensions of the left kidney were 5.34 ± 0.12, 2.80 ± 0.07, 0.65 ± 0.01, 1.55 ± 0.03, 2.76 ± 0.09, 1.26 ± 0.06, 1.28 ± 0.05, and 1.73 ± 0.1, for the length, width, cortical thickness, medullary thickness, depth, diameter of renal sinus, diameter of renal parenchyma, and circumference of renal pyramids respectively.

A total of 1 076 sera from breeding goats were randomly collected from 24 different farms and tested with CHEKIT®-ELISA (IDEXX Laboratories B.V., 1 119 NE Schiphol-Rijk, Nederland) for antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus. The farms were divided into two categories of twelve farms each,based on their previous history of observed abortions over the previous 12 months: those with low (< 5%) levels of abortion and those with high (≥ 5%) levels of abortion. The farmers were also interviewed on their level of awareness about chlamydophilosis, its zoonotic importance and vaccination measures against the disease. The study detected overall seroprevalence levels of 25% for the farms and 8% for the individual animals (at 95% confidence). A total of six out of twentyfour farms (25%) had at least one positive breeding animal. Only five out of the twenty-four (20.8%)farmers interviewed were aware of chlamydophilosis and its zoonotic dangers. None of the 24 farmers interviewed practised any vaccination against chlamydophilosis. There was a significantly higher number of seropositive animals from farms with high levels of abortion, compared to those animals from farms with low levels of abortion (p = 0.0001). This study underscores the need for a higher level of farmer awareness and training on chlamydophilosis and its zoonotic dangers.

This study was carried out to evaluate the immunomodulating effects of, inactivated cells of Propionibacterium acnes and cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the a pathogenic E. coli (INMUNAIR® 17.5) 0.5ml/ L and 1-3, 1-6 β-glucans (BETAPOLO®) 1 ml / L on the immune response of chickens to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. The results showed that administration of IMR before vaccination was resulted in food conversion rate (FCR) higher than after vaccination . Significantly higher NDV HI antibody titers in IMR and Betapolo medicated groups as compared with control groups which in turn induce high protection rate in challenge test .Thymus, spleen and bursal indices of control negative showed significantly lower values than vaccinated medicated and non- vaccinatedmedicated groups (P≤ 0.05).