OBJECTIVE To compare the bursting strength of the uterine horns (UHs) and cervical-vestibule junction (CVJs) of rabbits following sealing with a vessel-sealing device (VSD) or encircling ligatures. SAMPLE UHs and CVJs collected from 30 rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) cadavers. PROCEDURES UHs and CVJs were randomly assigned to sealing with encircling Miller knot ligatures (LIG; n = 10 CVJs and 20 UHs) or a VSD (12 CVJs and 24 UHs). Lumens were infused with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution under pressure until seals burst or to a maximum pressure of 300 mm Hg. RESULTS For CVJs, median (range) bursting pressure of the LIG and VSD groups was > 300 mm Hg (224 to > 300 mm Hg) and 35 mm Hg (0 to 60 mm Hg), respectively. Five of 12 CVJs in the VSD group failed at pressures < 33 mm Hg. For UHs, median (range) bursting pressure of the LIG and VSD groups was 255 mm Hg (120 to > 300 mm Hg) and 154 mm Hg (range, 44 to 202 mm Hg), respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The evaluated VSD was effective in sealing UHs at bursting pressures well in excess of expected physiologic pressures, indicating that the VSD may be useful for ovariectomy procedures in rabbits. However, CVJ seals created with the VSD were ineffective and could potentially burst at low pressures, which could predispose to urine entering the abdomen. Given these results, we do not recommend sealing of the CVJ with a VSD for ovariohysterectomy in rabbits.

The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of 3 major Korean porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes in terms of clinical signs, PCV2 viremia and antibody titers, lymphoid lesions, and PCV2-antigen within lymphoid lesions in experimentally infected pigs. Pigs were infected at 7 weeks with PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d strains and necropsied at 28 days post-infection. No statistical differences were observed in clinical signs, PCV2 viremia and antibody titers, lymphoid lesions scores, and numbers of PCV2 antigens among the 3 major Korean PCV2 genotypes. The results of this study indicate that the 3 major Korean PCV2 genotypes, PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d, have similar virulence.

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of amantadine after oral administration of single and multiple doses to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS 12 adult orange-winged Amazon parrots (6 males and 6 females). PROCEDURES A single dose of amantadine was orally administered to 6 birds at 5 mg/kg (n = 2), 10 mg/kg (2), and 20 mg/kg (2) in a preliminary trial. On the basis of the results, a single dose of amantadine (10 mg/kg, PO) was administered to 6 other birds. Two months later, multiple doses of amantadine (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 7 days) were administered to 8 birds. Heart rate, respiratory rate, behavior, and urofeces were monitored. Plasma concentrations of amantadine were measured via tandem liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were determined via noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS Mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration, half-life, and area under the concentration-versus-time curve from the last dose to infinity were 1,174 ± 186 ng/mL, 3.8 ± 1.8 hours, 23.2 ± 2.9 hours, and 38.6 ± 7.4 μg·h/mL, respectively, after a single dose and 1,185 ± 270 ng/mL, 3.0 ± 2.4 hours, 21.5 ± 5.3 hours, and 26.3 ± 5.7 μg·h/mL, respectively, at steady state after multiple doses. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Once-daily oral administration of amantadine at 5 mg/kg to orange-winged Amazon parrots maintained plasma concentrations above those considered to be therapeutic in dogs. Further studies evaluating safety and efficacy of amantadine in orange-winged Amazon parrots are warranted.

OBJECTIVE To compare the speed of onset and analgesic effect of mepivacaine deposited within or immediately outside the neurovascular bundle at the base of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses. ANIMALS 6 horses with naturally occurring forefoot-related lameness. PROCEDURES In a crossover study design, horses were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 treatments first, with the second treatment administered 3 to 7 days later. Trotting gait was analyzed with an inertial sensor–based motion analysis system immediately before treatment to determine degree of lameness. Afterward, ultrasound guidance was used to inject 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride around the palmar digital nerves of the affected forelimb at the level of the base of the proximal sesamoid bones either within the subcircumneural space or outside the circumneural sheath. After injection, gait was reevaluated at 5-minute intervals for 45 minutes. RESULTS Mepivacaine deposition outside the circumneural sheath did not resolve lameness in any horse; for 3 horses, the mean time to 70% reduction of initial vertical head movement was 13.3 minutes, and the remaining 3 horses had no such reduction at any point. Mepivacaine deposition within the subcircumneural space resulted in a mean time to 70% reduction of initial vertical head movement of 6.7 minutes and mean time to resolution of lameness of 21.7 minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that when peripheral nerves of horses lie within a sheath, local anesthetic solution should be deposited within the sheath for an effective nerve block. If local anesthetic solution is deposited outside the sheath, the nerve block may yield erroneous results.

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after IV and IM administration in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). ANIMALS 8 healthy adult guinea pigs (4 sexually intact females and 4 sexually intact males). PROCEDURES In a crossover study, hydromorphone (0.3 mg/kg) was administered once IM (epaxial musculature) or IV (cephalic catheter) to each guinea pig at a 1-week interval (2 treatments/guinea pig). Blood samples were collected before and at predetermined intervals after drug administration via a vascular access port. Plasma hydromorphone concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental analysis of data was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS Mean ± SD clearance and volume of distribution for hydromorphone administered IV were 52.8 ± 13.5 mL/min/kg and 2.39 ± 0.479 L/kg, respectively. Mean residence time determined for the IV and IM administration routes was 0.77 ± 0.14 hours and 0.99 ± 0.34 hours, respectively. The maximum observed plasma concentration following IM administration of hydromorphone was 171.9 ± 29.4 ng/mL. No sedative effects were observed after drug administration by either route. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pharmacokinetic data indicated that hydromorphone at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg may be administered IV every 2 to 3 hours or IM every 4 to 5 hours to maintain a target plasma concentration between 2 and 4 ng/mL in guinea pigs. Hydromorphone had high bioavailability after IM administration. Further research is necessary to evaluate the effects of other doses and administration routes and the analgesic effects of hydromorphone in guinea pigs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate holding security of 4 friction knots created with various monofilament and multifilament sutures in a vascular ligation model. SAMPLE 280 friction knot constructs. PROCEDURES 10 friction knots of 4 types (surgeon's throw, Miller knot, Ashley modification of the Miller knot, and strangle knot) created with 2-0 monofilament (polyglyconate, polydioxanone, poliglecaprone-25, and glycomer-631) and braided multifilament (silk, lactomer, and polyglactin-910) sutures were separately tied on a mock pedicle and pressure tested to the point of leakage. Linear regression analysis was performed to compare leakage pressures among suture materials (within friction knot type) and among knot types (within suture material). RESULTS Mean leakage pressure of surgeon's throws was significantly lower than that of all other knots tested, regardless of the suture material used. All the other knots had mean leakage pressures considered supraphysiological. Significant differences in mean leakage pressure were detected between various friction knots tied with the same type of suture and various suture types used to create a given knot. Variability in leakage pressure among knots other than the surgeon's throw was greatest for poliglecaprone-25 and lowest for polydioxanone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Most differences in knot security, although statistically significant, may not have been clinically relevant. However, results of these in vitro tests suggested the surgeon's throw should be avoided as a first throw for pedicle ligation and that poliglecaprone-25 may be more prone to friction knot slippage than the other suture materials evaluated.

This study aimed to determine the numbers, directions, localizations, diameters, morphometric values of the nutrient foramina (NF) in humerus of domestic mammals and to reveal the differences between the right and left humerus in animal species. In the study, a total of 223 humerus, large ruminants (56), small ruminants (60), equidae (29), sus (24), carnivora-dog (42), and carnivora-cat (12), were examined in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University. The numbers, shapes, directions, localization sites and localized surfaces of the NF’s were observed with the naked eye, and recorded. The locations of the NF’s were confirmed by calculating the Foraminal Index (FI). The diameters of the NF’s were measured using 1.2 mm (18 Gauge: G), 0.9 mm (20 G), 0.7 mm (22 G), 0.55 mm (24 G), and 0.1 mm (34 G) needles. In animal species, morphometric measurements were taken such as total length of the humerus (TLH), distance between the NF with the proximal end of the humerus (NFP), distance between the NF with the distal end of the humerus (NFD), FI and performed statistical analysis of the measured values.There was found a single NF in 99% of the examined humerus in the study. In general, it was seen that the NF’s were directed downwards, and located in the middle 1/3 with lower 1/3 segments. NF’s were determined to be localized to the facies caudalis in 100% of sus, in 93% of large ruminants and carnivoradogs, and in 85% of small ruminants; however, in equidae and carnivora-cats were all localized to the margo medialis. According to the statistics, no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between the right and left humerus NF measurement values in terms of morphometric properties. But only, the diameter of the NF in the small ruminants was statistically significant (p<0.05).It was found that the morphological and morphometric differences of NF’s in right and left humerus of domestic mammals. Moreover, in these animals, it is thought that the study may help veterinary clinicians and surgeons in evaluating of the pathological conditions related to humeral NF and planning of the operative applications to be performed in this region.

Pyometra is an inflammation of the uterus which is characterized by purulent to sanguinopurulent intraluminal contents. Pyometra has been mostly observed in queens older than 6 years but it has no age predilection. The average age of cats with pyometra is between 5 - 7 years. Traditionally queens reach puberty at a bodyweight of 2.3-2.5 kg. Here in this case we have a 5-month-old cat which has not experienced oestrus but yet developed a pyometra. In this case ovariohysterectomy was performed on this queen. The treatment procedure continued with fluid therapy and antibiotics.

Today, the use of components obtained from plant extracts is rapidly increasing, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Eight different plants, which are used as winter tea and are frequently consumed among herbal teas, were selected in the study. The aim of study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of teas obtained from medicinal and aromatic plants such as Linden, Ginger, Cinnamon, Sage, Daisy, Turmeric, Clove and Rosehip. Five different pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were selected from common disease-causing pathogens. A total of 21 combinations were made for each plant. Disc diffusion and Minimum inhibition concentration methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity. DPPH (2,2 Difenil-1Pikrohidrozil) method was used to determine antioxidant activity. The amount of total phenolic and tannins contents contained of herbal teas were also determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method.The highest value among the antimicrobial activities of herbal teas (triple combination) was measured against E. faecalis (25.11 mm). The herbal combination with the highest value measured was found in the ginger+cinnamon+clove group. The highest antioxidant value was measured in this mixture (36.8 mg/mL).Because some plants have more bioavailability, these benefits can be suppressed in a mixture. When determining these mixtures, the consumption will be more beneficial for public health, given the recommendations of researchers and experts.

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between cystatin C (Cys-C) and some hematologic and biochemical parameters in neonatal calves diarrhea. Materials and In this research the animal material of the study was obtained from different breeds, genders and ages (0-30 days) 10 samples have been taken from healthy neonatal calves and 22 samples from diarrhea calves which didn′t received any medicine. Otherwise, the general examination has been done for all the calves. The levels of hematologic, biochemical and blood gas have been determind for both healthy calves and neonatal calves diarrhea.Results: Depending on the control group, we have observed that the neonatal calves diarrhea hematologic parameters WBC, Neu, Hct, Hb levels (p<0.05) and biochemical parameter BUN (p<0.01) and Cr (p<0.05) level statistically have been increased. On the other hand, Alb (p<0.05) and glucose (p<0.01) levels have been decreased. In term of blood gas analysis and depending on the control group the level of K+ (p<0.05) has been increased, the levels of pH, pO2 and base (p<0.05) have been decreased. We evaluate the Cys-C level in the neonatal calves diarrhea and we have found that Cys-C level is statistically increased this was detected comparing to the control group (p <0.01).In this research the obtained level of Cys-C can be used as normal for calves; statistically there is no relationship between Cys-C and some of the hematologic and biochemical parameters, the Cys-C level in the calves diarrhea is an important parameter it can be used to determine the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease; but still much more research about the topic should be done.