Pathogens can acquire resistance to antimicrobials used in veterinary and medical fields. Such pathogens can be found in several dietary and environmental sources. As Gram-negative infections in humans are most frequently caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), antibiotic resistance in this organism is particularly concerning. This investigation was carried out to ascertain the antibiotic sensitivity profile of E. coli isolated from various food products randomly gathered from Egypt. To extract E. coli and examine its pattern of antibiotic susceptibility, 100 samples of raw milk, karish cheese, ground beef, and beef were bacteriologically processed. In the current study, E. coli strains were detected at a high frequency of 40% in raw milk, 28% in Karish cheese, 16% in ground beef, and 8% in beef. E. coli was isolated from 23% of milk, meat, and product samples. The 16S rRNA gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm E. coli strains. The isolates of E. coli with the greatest percentages of multidrug-resistant (MDR) were tetracycline (26%), ampicillin (21.7%), streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (17.3%), cefotaxime, kanamycin and ceftazidime (13 %). The total occurrence of MDR E. coli was 34.7%. Pathogen cycling in food is common and may endanger the consumer's health. To avoid this entirely, good hygiene practices for dairy farms and abattoirs are essential for preventing contamination of milk, meat, and product samples.

One of the most common food poisoning illnesses globally is caused by Bacillus cereus, which causes emetic and diarrheal food poisoning. Forty–two (42%) out of 100 samples from raw milk, powdered milk, ice cream, and pasteurized milk were positive for B. cereus, with a high prevalence in raw milk at 64%. Three virulence genes (nheA, cytK, and hblC genes) were characterized among 42 B. cereus isolates with variable frequencies. Detection of the nheA gene showed a high level of 90.4%, followed by the cytK gene in percentage at 50%, and the hblC gene at 47.6%. All examined strains were resistant to Penicillin, Oxacillin, then Cefixime and Ampicillin (85.7%), followed by Nalidixic acid (73.8%), Sulphamethoxazol-Trimethoprim(61.9%), and Oxytetracycline and Cephalotin (52.3%) whilst sensitive to Gentamicin (75%), followed by Enrofloxacin and Erythromycin (50%). Unfortunately, all examined strains are MDR and show 23 resistance patterns, this represents a real health malice for the people of Egypt. The obtained results demonstrated the rise of pathogenic B. cereus, a virulent organism that is multidrug-resistant, in Egypt's retail milk and milk products.

This study aimed to investigation of the rumen juice transfounation either alone, or in combination with Bacillus subtilis natto, or premix upon the general health condition, productivity as well as upon some ruminal and biochemical parameters in after weaning Holstein heifers. The obtained results revealed significant increase in the body weight in the experimental group receiving ruminal juice plus premix, followed by the group received ruminal juice plus Bacillus subtilis natto, and ruminal juice alone compared with the control group. The immune responses, in terms of high leukocyte counts, lymphocytes, and granulocytes, were also significantly upregulated in the group that received ruminal juice plus Bacillus subtilis natto, followed by the group that received ruminal juice plus premix, and ruminal juice, respectively. Interestingly, groups treated with ruminal juice plus Bacillus subtilis natto, and ruminal juice plus premix had a significant improvement in the hemoglobin level, and the antioxidant capacity. Likely, such treatment groups had significant improvements in both total protozoal count, and eligibility for insemination. In conclusion, the obtained results of the present study strongly recommend the use of ruminal juice in a combination with Bacillus subtilis natto, or premix to improve the fertility indices, and immune responses in Holstein heifers.

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and E. coli isolates recovered from 200 meat and meat products samples (fresh beef, imported frozen meat, imported frozen beef liver, minced beef, beef burger, Egyptian luncheon, kofta and fresh beef sausage), collected randomly from supermarkets and grocery stores at El Fayoum governorate, between September 2019 to July 2020. E. coli was detected in 3% (n= 6/200) and Salmonella in 1.5% (n=3/200) of the total samples, respectively. Salmonella isolates were serotyped as S. Infantis from frozen Brazilian meat, S. Typhimurium from fresh beef sausage and S. Tsevie from fresh minced beef. Serotyping of E. coli showed that E. coli O26:H11, E. coli O91:H21, E. coli O128:H2, and E. coli O124 were isolated from fresh minced beef, frozen beef liver, kofta and beef sausage, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance phenotyping revealed that the isolated Salmonella and E. coli strains were resistant to 60-86.66% and 66.66- 93.33% of the total tested antibiotics, respectively. E. coli strains were positive for blaCTX-M, aadB, Sul1, dfrA, tetA(A), blaSHV, and qnrA, while BlaTEM, BlaCTX-M, qnrA and aadB virulence genes were detected in Salmonella. The antimicrobial resistance genotypic and phenotypic data evaluated in this study would be helpful to estimate the transmission of multilinked antimicrobial resistance genes to human pathogens and the likelihood of consumer exposure to resistant strains.

Subclinical mastitis is a major problem threating the cows' industry in Egypt. This study aimed to investigate the impact of SCC on the milk composition and evaluate the effect of spirulina supplementation on SCC and milk quality. Total of 270 milk samples were examined using CMT, BacSomatic and MilkoscanTMFT1 system. For evaluation of spirulina effect, ten cows were supplemented with spirulina powder (20 g per head for one month).The prevalence of SCM according to CMT and SCC was 32.2% and 54.4%, respectively.  SCC negatively correlated with Fat, protein, lactose, and casein% which had Means of 2.94±0.75, 3.48±0.37, 4.82±0.23, and 2.58±0.39, respectively at SCC (<200 ×103cell/ml) while, at SCC above 400 ×103cell/ml were 2.43±0.95, 3.24 ±0.33, 4.61±0.22, and 2.4±0.38, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the average of SCC from 6638.9±4675.9×103 to 361.1±321.4×103cell/ml after 3 weeks of spirulina supplementation. The Mean of Fat, protein, lactose, and casein% were increased from 2.84±0.29, 3.02±0.4, 4.49±0.4 and 2.34±0.28, respectively to reach 3.62±0.16, 3.65±0.43, 4.86±0.41 and 2.59±0.3, respectively and Milk yield increased from average of 21.7±3.23 kg/day to 24.2±2.39kg after 21 days of spirulina treatment. Therefore, milk quality and quantity can be improved by using Spirulina supplementation which reduces SCC.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of melatonin and melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CMN) supplementation to maturation media on buffalo oocyte maturation rate and relative expression of genes: growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), B Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL2), Associated X protein (BAX) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Buffalo ovaries were heaved from Al-Mounib slaughterhouse, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were in vitro matured in three different media, TCM-199 medium (control), TCM-199 with melatonin 10-9M, and TCM-199 with CMN 10-9M. The assessment of the nuclear maturation rate was carried out through the presence of the first polar body. In addition, the mature buffalo oocytes were stored on RNA later for genetic analysis of GDF9, BMP15, SOD1, BCL2, and BAX genes using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results were reported that buffalo oocytes supplemented with melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CMN) or melatonin have a significant effect on nuclear maturation rate 94.04±0.65 and 88.74±0.77 respectively when compared with buffalo oocytes matured with basic media (control) 79.67±1.35. Furthermore, buffalo oocytes supplemented with melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CMN) or melatonin showed significant upregulation of GDF9, BMP15, SOD1, and BCL2 genes and significant downregulation of BAX gene when compared with oocyte matured with basic media (control). In conclusion, the results of nuclear maturation rate and relative expression pattern of GDF9, BMP15, SOD1, BCL2, and BAX reflect that melatonin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CMN) and melatonin` may play an important role in the buffalo oocytes developmental competence.

Plenty of restorative plants including phenols, essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, and amides, have been assessed for therapeutic effects against several diseases especially liver diseases. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methyl-xanthine spin-off with a variety of anti-inflammatory and protective actions in animals. PTX has been found effective for many disease conditions. PTX is an immune-modulatory agent used in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases blood vessels inflammation such as cutaneous lupus in canine and navicular disease in horses. It also has hepato-protective effect, so it could be used to treat liver fibrosis and embolism in pet animals. Moreover, it could be used in the treatment of vessels ulcers through improving healing and microcirculation. This review highlighted numerous vital characteristics of PTX and its therapeutic role in various diseases in pet animals.

The current study aimed to modify rams’ semen redox hemostasis by different concentrations of Nano zinc. Using artificial vagina (15) semen ejaculates were collected, evaluated, and pooled then subjected to processing using different concentrations of nano zinc (10, 50, 100, and 150µg/ml). The concentration of alanine and aspartate transaminases enzyme (ALT-AST), alkaline phosphatase Enzyme (ALP), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of chilled and freeze-thawed Barki ram semen were assessed. Nano zinc significantly enhances semen quality in a dose-dependent manner. Where, 150µg/ml of nano zinc potentially reduced the extracellular concentrations of ALT (14.00 ± 1.01 and 28.58 ± 0.58 U/L), AST (39.67 ± 1.54 and54.83 ± 2.33 U/L), ALP (174.90 ± 1.90and 316.80 ± 1.90 U/L), and MDA (5.45 ± 0.02and 6.21 ± 0.01 nmol/ml) after both chilling and freeze-thawing process. Moreover, 150µg/ml treating dose induced an efficient production of SOD (7417±16.67 and 8600±76.38U/ml) after both chilling and freeze-thawing process, respectively. SOD is considered the most important antioxidant enzyme in the sperm cell that scavenges generated free radicles like H2O2. In this respect, 150µg/ml treating dose reported the lowest H2O2 level (0.042 ± 0.002 and0.065 ± 0.005 mM/L), and highest TAC concentration (1.62 ± 0.006and 1.69 ± 0.005 mM/L) after both chilling and freeze-thawing process, respectively. In conclusion, ZnO-NPs in semen extender can modify the sperm redox hemostasis in a dose-dependent manner. It reduces the extracellular transaminases and phosphatases leakage, augmenting SOD activity, and modifies TAC potential. ZnO-NPs supplementation to Barki sperm extender enhances its sperm quality and reduces cryo-injury.

Repeated freezing and thawing of meat products, which might occur during transport or in the consumers’ kitchens, have deteriorative effects on their quality, including lipid oxidation and protein decomposition. This study evaluated three meat products (meat pie (burger), kofta, and sausage) to estimate the protective role of ginger (natural antioxidant) against lipid oxidation and protein decomposition during freeze–thaw cycles. These meat products were subjected to six freeze–thaw cycles and were tested after the first, third, and sixth weeks. This study measured the thiobarbituric acid and total volatile nitrogen levels to estimate lipid oxidation and protein decomposition, respectively. Further, the three meat products were examined histologically. The muscle diameters and shrinkage of muscle fibers was observed in all groups, even after the addition of ginger. Results indicated that repeated freezing and thawing increased both lipid oxidation and protein decomposition, which were reduced after the addition of ginger. Histologically, intact muscle fibers with obvious muscle striation were seen after the first freeze–thaw cycle. However, in the third and sixth cycles, the striations were absent even after adding ginger. Therefore, ginger could be used during meat products manufacture for reduction of lipid oxidation and protein decomposition during meat products preservation.

In this study, we retrieved 42 live third-stage larvae from the crop of an infected squab. This condition is known as myiasis, which occurs due to the infestation of fly larvae belonging to the order Diptera in the tissues. The larvae may affect the storage and digestive functions of the crop in squabs. Here, we report the first case of crop myiasis in a pigeon squab, caused by Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), identified using morphological keys.