One of the most common diseases in horse breeding is colic. Colic cases are the leading cause of horse loss and economic loss in Turkey as well as the whole world. Failure to the effective management of colic is a major obstacle in obtaining the desired yield of sport horses in Turkey and it is thought that most people are away from horse breeding and equestrian sports due to this reason. The objectives of this study are to set forth the prevalence and cost of colic cases in sport horses for two years and, present the rate of recurrent colic cases in the same period respectively. Throughout the study, economical and some technical parameters related to the course of the disease were obtained between January 2017 and December 2018. Interviews and data collection were conducted from 984 sport horses in all ages and gender for 24 months. The collected data were recorded and processed in the database created via MS Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS 22 for Windows. The average cost of colic management for a 4-day treatment in 2018 was $215.60. The rate of recurrent colic cases was 48,2% and the development of laminitis was 11,9% in a year following the treatment. As a result, it was estimated that the average annual economic loss of colic in 984 horses was $36.806 in addition to horse losses. Horses that survived spontaneously, without any invasive treatment, and suffering from different disorders other than colic, were removed from the study. It is concluded that reduction of cost in colic cases and prevention of recurrent colic cases and post-colic diseases, such as laminitis, would increase horse welfare and yield from horses in Turkey.

This research aims to make economic analysis by considering the production activities of dairy cattle enterprises in Sivas Province, Turkey and to determine whether they are working profitably. This study was conducted in 80 dairy cattle farms, members of the Dairy Cattle Breeders Association of Sivas, in 2019-2020. Among the selected establishments, those with a maximum of 5 cows were defined as small-scale, those with up to 6-15 cows were medium-scale, and those with 16 or more cows were defined as large-scale enterprises. According to the results of the research, the percentage of cost items that comprise the cost consist of  were as follows; 51.3% feed, 30.1% labor costs, 3.4% health expenses, 2.6% general administrative expenses, and 2.6% other expenses, respectively. Looking at examined the income items, milk income ranks first with 71.7%. This item is followed by calf income with 12.2%, an increase in inventory value with 11.4%, and state support with 4.6%. The average cost of 1 liter of milk was found to be $ 0.19 in the study. When we look at the financial profitability, economic profitability, and profitability factors, it is seen that small-scale enterprises are located negatively position and the cost-to-return ratio of these enterprises is less than 1. These values ​​show that small-scale farms' are not working profitably. In medium and large enterprises, these values ​​are located in a positive area. It is seen that the ratio of cost to revenue in medium-sized enterprises is equal to "1", that these enterprises are in transition to the profit part, and in the analysis of the profitability parameters in large-scale enterprises, they have been seen located in the fully profitable region.

Looking at the historical development of orthopedic medicine, the story of the pioneers in this field emerging implant and implantation techniques with the general progress of general medicine is seen. These people have described very successful and permanent mainstream methods for the treatment of bone fractures, which have been a problem since ancient times. This article briefly describes the pioneers of orthopedics from past to present and the development of orthopedics in veterinary medicine.

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of trazodone following rectal administration of a single dose to healthy dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURES Each dog received a single dose of trazodone (approx 8 mg/kg) per rectum. Trazodone tablets were crushed into a powder, mixed with 5 mL of tap water, and injected into the rectum via a red rubber catheter. Sedation scores were assigned, and blood samples were collected for determination of plasma trazodone concentration at predetermined times before and after drug administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS Plasma trazodone concentration remained below the detection limit for 1 dog even though it became moderately sedate. Median (interquartile [25th to 75th percentile] range [IQR]) maximum plasma trazodone concentration and volume of distribution and clearance corrected for bioavailability were 1.00 μg/mL (0.66 to 1.40 μg/mL), 10.3 L/kg (7.37 to 14.4 L/kg), and 639 mL/kg/h (594 to 719 mL/kg/h), respectively. Median time to maximum plasma trazodone concentration and elimination half-life were 15 minutes (range, 15 to 30 minutes) and 12 hours (IQR, 7.99 to 12.7 hours), respectively. All dogs became mildly or moderately sedate, and the extent of sedation was maximal at a median of 30 minutes (IQR, 30 to 60 minutes) after trazodone administration. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rectal administration of trazodone may be a viable option for sedation and treatment of anxiety in dogs for which administration of sedatives and anxiolytics by other routes is contraindicated. Further research is necessary to better elucidate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of trazodone following rectal administration and determine optimal dosing.

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal energy profile for and to assess the feasibility and efficacy of ultrasonographic and laparoscopic guidance for microwave ablation (MWA) of clinically normal canine ovaries. SAMPLE 44 extirpated ovaries from 22 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES In the first of 2 trials, 13 dogs underwent oophorectomy by routine laparotomy. Extirpated ovaries underwent MWA at 45 W for 60 (n = 11) or 90 (12) seconds; 3 ovaries did not undergo MWA and served as histologic controls. Ovaries were histologically evaluated for cell viability. Ovaries without viable cells were categorized as completely ablated. Histologic results were used to identify the optimal MWA protocol for use in the subsequent trial. In the second trial, the ovaries of 9 dogs underwent MWA at 45 W for 90 seconds in situ. Ultrasonographic guidance for MWA was deemed unfeasible after evaluation of 1 ovary. The remaining 17 ovaries underwent MWA with laparoscopic guidance, after which routine laparoscopic oophorectomy was performed. Completeness of ablation was histologically assessed for all ovaries. RESULTS 2 ovaries were excluded from the trial 1 analysis because of equivocal cell viability. Six of 11 ovaries and 10 of 10 ovaries that underwent MWA for 60 and 90 seconds, respectively, were completely ablated. In trial 2, laparoscopic-guided MWA resulted in complete ablation for 12 of 17 ovaries. Dissection of the ovarian bursa for MWA probe placement facilitated complete ablation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Laparoscopic-guided MWA at 45 W for 90 seconds was feasible, safe, and effective for complete ablation of clinically normal ovaries in dogs.