The present study's objective was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the Probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium (obtained from the Agriculture Research Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq) and a suspension of a mixture between the two mentioned probiotics with two types of Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp) and one type of Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp) in vitro. The required tests were completed to verify the probiotics' purity, and the bacterial isolates used in the current investigation were assessed using biochemical assays and selected culture medium (culture and microscopic features). In addition, the inhibitory efficacy of the investigated Probiotics in different Gram positive and negative bacteria was evaluated by drug susceptibility testing (disc diffusion test as well as agar well diffusion test). Our data of the current study confirmed an excellent inhibitory activity of each Bifidobacterium (B) and the mixture of the two probiotics (MLB) via measuring the inhibition area, they had 25, 22mm, 28,-30 mm inhibition zone for Pseudomonas spp, 23, 25 mm, 26-27mm inhibition zone for Proteus species spp, and 22,20 mm, 33,29 mm inhibition quarter for Streptococcus species, by way of the usage of disc and agar well diffusion methods respectively. Where it was once weak inhibition activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L)on Pseudomonas spp, 0-3 mm and Streptococcus species 1-7 mm by the usage ofthe disc and agar well diffusion respectively. On the other, hand, Probiotic(Lactobacillus acidophilus) had available zone of inhibition on the Proteus sppbacteria, which were 24, 24 mm through the disc and agar well diffusion respectively. In conclusion: the Probiotics were found to have good and active inhibitory action on Gram-positive microorganism (Streptococcus) and gram-negative microorganism (Pseudomonas and Proteus) in vitro by way of using disc and agar well diffusion test, and the combination of the two probiotics MBL of present study, had more potent inhibitory action than each one of the studied separate probiotics.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease of poultry and other bird species like pigeon (Columbi livia), it characterizes as devastating and contagious and it has been distributed worldwide. ND in pigeons is caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1(PPMV-1) which is an antigenic and host variant of the avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), the disease in pigeons is termed paramyxovirosis and cause nervous signs with high mortality usually in the bird with kidneys infected with viscerotropic strains, and neural signs appeared individually. PPMV-1 was initially detected by hemagglutination activity (HA) and confirmed with hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), and molecular-based techniques. Serological diagnosis of paramyxovirosis is necessary because of the similarity of the PPMV-1 infection with sodium chloride poisoning, pigeon herpes virus infection (PHV), and ornidazole overdose that cause same neurological signs. PPMV-1 infection can be controlled effectively by vaccination by specific vaccines associated with good biosecurity aspect

Penicillium is a genus of the one the most common fungi have located in distinctive and suitable surroundings (temperature, humidity, Ph), Penicillium species produced extracellular enzymes that play a necessary position in the microbial decomposition of natural substances. The study is aimed to detect chemicals made by two species of Penicillium using a synthetic media that contained a powder made from the leaves of the Conocarups tree. In this study, two species of Penicillium had used in a fermentation process using synthetic medium contained a powder of the Conocarpus tree leaves. That isolated from water of the Hammar marsh areas in south Iraq particularly in Thi-Qar province.The isolated Penicillium observed on beginning of cultural, microscopic and morphological characteristics. Molecular identification of Penicillium results proved that all strains were belonging to Penicillium genera. According to the β-tubulin sequence, the isolated were divided into 2 species, as Penicillium brevicompactum and Penicillium expansum. GC-MS analysis appeared different compounds with various retention times (RTs) were produced by the crude extracts of P. brevicompactum and P. expansum. Similar compounds are  (benzyl alcohol, benzyldimethylsilyl ether ), (cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl), (trolamine), (cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-),  (methyl stearate), (hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester), (n-hexadecanoic acid ), (9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester,(E-), (9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester), (heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl-, methyl ester), (methyl stearate), (9-octadecenoic acid, (E)-), (oleic acid), (methyl 10-trans,12-cis-octadecadienoate), (9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,methyl ester), (dl-.alpha.-tocopherol), (vitamin E), (gamma.-sitosterol), and (beta.-sitosterol).

The present study was conducted to molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in infected cows and it is infested ticks in Mosul, Iraq using nested polymerase chain reaction technique (N-PCR) and to investigate the phylogenetic analysis of A. phagocytophilum diagnosed in this study. A total of 50 blood samples (3 ml) were collected from cows in various areas of Mosul city. Additionally, 169 hard ticks were collected from different parts of infected cows. Results revealed that the infection rate of A. phagocytophilum in cows at Mosul city was 72% and in engorged female ticks was 81.2% using N-PCR technique. The infestation rate hard ticks on cows were 46% and four species of hard ticks were microscopically identified and classified includes Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (39.64%), Rhipicephalus turanicus (21.89%), Rh. sanguineus (23.07%) and Boophillus annulatus (15.38%) with significantly predominant Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. The individual sequencing analysis for five sequences of 16S rRNA gene includes: one extracted from cow blood and four extracted from engorgement female ticks. The sequences of A. phagocytophilum were recorded in the NCBI Genbank under the accession numbers (OR002120.1, OR002121.1, OR002122.1, OR002123.1 and OR002124.1). These sequences were highly identity (100%) to those sequences recorded in the NCBI Genbank such as (MT221233.1, MT221234.1) in Norway, (MK239930.1, MK239931.1) in Southern Korea, (MN170722.1, MN170722.1) in Spain, (MK814411.1, MK814412.1) in South Africa, (LC435049.1, LC435050.1) in Japan and (MH122889.1, OQ727069.1) in Poland, and Malawi respectively. This finding might be advantageous for the future studies and strategically control of this bacterium in the study area.

Contamination of edible animal products with veterinary drug residues is a potential health hazard for consumers. A method for extracting rafoxanide anthelmintic drug from sheep muscle was adopted based on a QuEChERS approach followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). The developed method has been fully validated according to the requirements of Eurachem-2014 by separating the standard anthelmintic drugs on a fast liquid chromatographic (FLC) reversed-phase column under the optimum separation condition. The mobile phase consists of solvents A and B, degassed with an ultrasonic bath to remove bubbles. The standard calibration curves (R²≥0.9961) were constructed with spiked certified reference materials (CRM) and blank tissues. The optimized approach was validated, yielding satisfactory results for all performance criteria in the tested matrix and obtaining relevant results for all performance parameters in the evaluated matrix. A multi-level calibration curve (1 to 1000 µg/kg) was used to establish instrument linearity for rafoxanide. The recoveries were 83%, the limit of quantification was 10 μg/kg, and the detection limit was 0.22 μg/kg. The results of the validation allowed for high sample throughput. The method is suitable for analysing selected anthelmintic drug residue, and repeatability and reproducibility expressed in relative standard deviation (RSD%) were obtained at values lower than 20%. None of the testers were greater than Maximum Residual Limits (MRLs) legally established by the European Union (EU). 13 (26%) (n=50) samples were below MRLs, and 37 (74%) (n=50) samples were below the LOD.

         Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is a worldwide an acute, extremely contagious upper respiratory illness in Turkey. Chickens may also be affected with virus and cause Swollen Head Syndrome. Sometime it is associated with reproductive affection. The disease's first disorder appeared in late 1970 in South Africa, where 6 subtypes (A, B, C, and D) and 2 additional subtypes were found. The virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Metapneumovirus. . Both of systemic and local immunity may be developed but there is no relation of maternal immunity for produce production. The disease causes an important economic loss due to decrease in egg production and bad egg shell quality. The disease spread between birds rapidly and a wild birds may be infected and paly role in transmission of the disease Also in turkey there is no specific clinical signs and lesion and while the most effective methods to detection are Elisa and (RT-PCR) carry out the disease diagnosis. Biosecurity programs of vaccination are effective for controlling of disease. Both of alive attenuated and inactivated vaccines are useful for provide a good protection against the disease While, new vaccines were developed to avoid infection.

Contagious ecthyma is an important viral disease infect animals' skin mostly small ruminants, it could infect other ruminants with a zoonotic pattern. In dromedary camels of Basrah province, Contagious ecthyma was detected and diagnosed. Seventy-eight local dromedary breeds, 2-6 years old show clinical manifestations of Anorexia and difficulty grazing, lesions of Contagious ecthyma appear as papules, vesicles, and scabs located at the upper and lower parts of the lips, commeasure and /or around the mouth, Furthermore, Lesions in the form of Fissures with lips edema was also detected on diseased camels.   Twenty, clinically healthy dromedaries served as controls. The infection was confirmed using the PCR technique.  Blood parameters with acute phase response have been also evaluated. Results indicated that diseased camels show different clinical manifestations belonging to contagious ecthyma with a significant increase in body temperature, heart and respiratory rate, Moreover, Leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis was detected in infected dromedaries. a significant increase in ESR was detected in infected dromedaries compared with controls. Results referred to an increase in haptoglobin and Fibrinogen in diseased dromedaries with contagious ecthyma compared to controls. The contagious ecthyma of camels was still circulating in Iraqi areas, where appropriate preventive measures must be taken to prevent the spread of disease among camel herds and reduce the resulting economic losses.